A geopolítica das plataformas: características estruturais da plataformização e as especificidades do modelo chinês
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5007/2177-5230.2023.e87355Palavras-chave:
Plataformas, Ciberespaço, Ideologia, Estados Unidos, ChinaResumo
O artigo consiste em uma investigação sistemática sobre a plataformização no sistema mundo. Avaliamos que o funcionamento dos ecossistemas de plataformas digitais reflete a orientação ideológica que permeia seus respectivos ciberespaços geográficos de atuação. Propomos, assim, a divisão do ciberespaço entre o que classificamos como o ciberespaço internacional estadunidense, orientado pelo neoliberalismo, e o ciberespaço nacional insulado chinês, orientado pelo projetamento. Concluímos que o fenômeno se alicerça na segunda onda de inovações da Era Digital e que não se manifesta na China somente como uma estrita regulação estatal sobre as práticas de corporações plataformizadas, mas também pela coordenação de grandes projetos pelo Estado com as plataformas nacionais.
Referências
ABÍLIO, Ludmila. Plataformas digitais e uberização: globalização de um Sul administrado? Revista Contracampo, v.39, n.1, 2020.
BIRTWHISTLE, Tom. The rise of China's silicon dragon. PWC, 2016.
CASILLI, Antonio & POSADA, Julian. The Platformization of Labor and Society. In: GRAHAM, Mark & DUTTON, William. Society and the Internet. How networks of information and communication are changing our lives. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2019
CGTN. China tells Alibaba, Tencent to open platforms up to each other. 2021. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3sbj5mM. Acesso em: 12//12/2021.
CHEN, Julie & QIU, Jack. Digital utility: datafication, regulation, labor and Didi's platformization of urban transport in China. Chinese Journal of Communication, 2019.
CHINA. Guiding Opinions of the State Council on Vigorously Advancing the "Internet Plus" Action. 2015. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3yhzutN. Acesso em: 03/12/2021.
CHINA. Outline of the National Innovation-Driven Development Strategy Issued by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. 2016. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3vM7cG7. Acesso em: 10/12/2021.
CNBC. China orders Baidu to clean up low-brow content. 2020. Disponível em: https://cnb.cx/3kM4Qka. Acesso em: 10/12/2021
CNN. Top companies: Biggest. 2008. Disponível em: https://cnn.it/3ygUSzb. Acesso em: 15/12/2021
CUSUMANO, Michael; GAWER, Annabelle; YOFFIE, David. The Business of Platforms: strategy in the age of digital competition, innovation, and power. New York, Harper Collins, 2019.
DOORN, Niels & BADGER, Adam. Platform Capitalism's Hidden Abode: producing data assets in the gig economy. Antipode, vol.52, n.5, 2020.
DJICK, José; POELL, Thomas & WAAL, Martijn. The platform society: public values in a connective World. Nova Iorque: Oxford University Press, 2018.
DJICK, José; NIEBORG, David & POELL, Thomas. Reframing platform power. Internet Policy Review, n.8, v.2, 2019.
DJICK, José. Seeing the forest for the trees: Visualizing platformization and its governance. New Media & Society, 2020.
EAGLETON, Terry. Ideologia. São Paulo: Unesp, 1997.
ET. Ant Group to restructure as a financial holding company: China's PBOC. 2021. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/39FDryd. Acesso em: 20/12/2021
FAO. Digital Agriculture report: rural e-commerce development experience for China. Rome, 2021.
FILGUEIRAS, Vitor & ANTUNES, Ricardo. Plataformas digitais, Uberização do trabalho e regulação no capitalismo contemporâneo. Contracampo, Niterói, v.38, n.1, p. 27-43. abr/jul. 2020.
GILLESPIE, Tarleton. The politics of platforms. New Media & Society, v.12, n.3, p. 347-364, 2010.
GRIFFITHS, James. The Great Firewall of China. New York: Zed Books, 2019.
GROHMAN, Rafael. Plataformização do trabalho: entre a datificação, a financeirização e a racionalidade neoliberal. Revista Eptic, vol.22, n.1, 2020.
HELMOND, Anne. The Platformization of the Web: making web data platform Ready. Social Media + Society, p. 1-11, 2015.
JABBOUR, E et al. A (Nova) Economia do Projetamento: o conceito e suas novas determinações na China de hoje. Geosul, Florianópolis, v.35, n.77, p. 17-48, 2020.
LIN, Jian & KLOET, Jeroen. Platformization of the unlikely creative class: Kuaishou and Chinese digital cultural production. Social Media & Society, 2019.
MOAZED, Alex & JOHNSON, Nicholas. Modern Monopolies: what it takes to dominate the 21st Century Economy. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2016.
OTTIS, Rain. & LORENTS, Peeter. Cyberspace: Definition and Implications. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information Warfare and Security, Dayton, OH, US, 8-9 April, 2010. Reading: Academic Publishing Limited, pp 267-270. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3Fkk8Gq. Acesso em: 05/01/2022.
PEOPLE 'S DAILY. "Kaishou" and today's headline "Volcano Video" were interviewed. 2018. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3seGQKy. Acesso em: 05/12/2021
PLANTIN, J, et al. Infrastructure studies meet platform studies in the age of Google and Facebook. New Media & Society, 20(1), 293–310, 2018.
PLANTIN, Jean & SETA, Gabrieke. WeChat as infrastructure: the techno-nationalist shaping of Chinese digital platforms. Chinese Journal of Communication, 2019
REUTERS. China cracks down on 'chaotic' celebrity fan culture after scandals. 2021. Disponível em: https://reut.rs/3sh9PNX. Acesso em: 10/12/2021.
RT. China slaps 18 billion yuan anti-monopoly fine on Alibaba. 2021. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3w9G2YC. Acesso em: 14/12/2021
SADOWSKI, Jathan. When data is capital: datafication, accumulation and extraction. Big Data & Society, p. 1-12, 2019.
SCMP. China Internet Report 2021. 2021a. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3NbgbGX. Acesso em: 15/12/2021.
SCMP. Beijing orders fresh batch of apps, including some run by Tencent and Alibaba, to rectify violations as regulatory crackdown continues. 2021b. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3KRdTuK. Acesso em: 02/12/2021.
STATISTA. The 100 largest companies in the world by market capitalization in 2021. 2021. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3vL8HnR. Acesso em: 10/01/2022.
STREECK, Wolfgang. Buying Time. The Delayed Crisis of Democratic Capitalism. London: Verso, 2018.
SRNICEK, Nick. Platform Capitalism. London: Polity Press, 2017
UNCTAD. Digital Economy Report 2019. Value Creation and Capture: implications for developing countries. New York: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2019.
UNCTAD. Digital Economy Report 2021. New York, United Nations Publications, 2021.
WANG, Binbin & LI, Xiaoyan. Big Data, Platform Economy and Market Competition: a preliminary construction of plan-oriented market economy system in the information Era. World Review of Political Economy, Vol. 8, n,2, p. 138-161, 2017.
WANG, Wilfred & LOBATO, Ramon. Chinese video streaming services in the context of global platform studies. Chinese Journal of Communication, v.0, n.0, p. 1-16, 2019.
WANG, Jufang. Regulation of Digital Media Platforms: the case of China. The Foundation for Law, Justice and Society, 2020.
ZHANG, Jingwei. Google, do not take Chinese netizens hostage. People's Daily Online, 2020. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/388zj9t. Acesso em: 10/12/2021.
ZUBOFF, Shoshana. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. New York, PublicAffairs, 2019.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Este trabalho está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.
