Militarização da infância e a política do pertencimento: uma releitura do recrutamento de crianças

una reinterpretación del reclutamiento infantil

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5007/1518-2924.2026.e109482

Palavras-chave:

Infância, Militarização, Recrutamento, Crianças, Estado

Resumo

Este artigo analisa criticamente o suposto paradoxo entre infância, entendida como espaço-tempo de inocência, e militarização, compreendida como os processos sociais que normalizam valores militares como naturais, a partir de uma releitura do recrutamento de crianças. A partir do caso do Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps, argumento que uma abordagem crítica sobre o recrutamento de crianças atua como principal condição de possibilidade para interrogar como infância e militarização atuam de formas co-constitutivas, e como a relação entre elas estabelece os contornos normativos da construção do pertencimento político ao Estado. O artigo destaca que o recrutamento de crianças não deve ser entendido simplesmente como uma prática de alistamento formal, mas sim como um processo marcado pela gradual normalização de valores militares e alinhamento ideológico às Forças Armadas. Com isso, o trabalho visa contribuir com discussões contemporâneas sobre a militarização da infância, deslocando o olhar do estereótipo da criança-soldado em direção às formas em que a normalização do poder militar atua como condição formadora do pertencimento ao Estado. 

Referências

BAKER, M.; BOGEL-BURROUGHS, N.; MARCUS, I. Thousands of teens are being pushed into military's Junior R.O.T.C. The New York Times, New York, 11 dez. 2022. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/11/us/jrotc-schools-mandatory-automatic-enrollment.html. Acesso em: 18 out. 2025.

BASHAM, Victoria M.; BELKIN, Aaron; GIFKINS, Jess. What is Critical Military Studies? Critical Military Studies, v. 1, n. 1, p. 1-2, 2015.

BASHAM, Victoria. Liberal militarism as insecurity, desire and ambivalence: Gender, race and the everyday geopolitics of war. Security Dialogue, v. 49, n. 1-2, p. 32-43, 2018.

BASHAM, Victoria. M. Everyday modalities of militarization: beyond unidirectional, state-centric, and simplistic accounts of state violence. Critical Military Studies, p. 1-6, 2022.

BEIER, J. Marshall. Introduction: Everyday zones of militarization. In: BEIER, J. M. (Ed.). The Militarization of Childhood: Thinking Beyond the Global South. p. 1-16. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

BEIER, J. Marshall. Not the Usual Suspects: Making Child Soldiers in the Gunsight. Civil Wars, p. 1-19, 2024.

BEIER, J. Marshall. Programmatic recruitments: (para)militarizing children. In: BEIER, J. Marshall. Childhood, Militarism, and Everyday Life. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2026. (No prelo).

BEIER, J. Marshall; BERENTS, Helen. Introduction: Children and Childhoods in Global Political Perspective. In: BEIER, J. Marshall; BERENTS, Helen (Eds.). Children, Childhoods, and Global Politics. Policy Press, 2023.

BHABHA, Jacqueline. The child—what sort of human?. PMLA, v. 121, n. 5, p. 1526-1535, 2006.

BODINEAU, Sylvie. Refusing to be victims: child soldiers in the humanitarian world. In: DENOV, Myriam; FENNIG, Maya (Org.). Research Handbook of Children and Armed Conflict. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2024. p. 67-85.

BURMAN, Erica. Deconstructing Developmental Psychology. 3. ed. London: Routledge, 2016.

CRILLEY, Rhys. This is Belonging: Children and British Military Recruitment. In: DRUMBL, Mark A.; BARRETT, Jastine C. (Org.). Research Handbook on Child Soldiers. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019. p. 1-13.

DRUMBL, Mark A.; BARRETT, Jastine C. Introduction. In: DRUMBL, Mark A.; BARRETT, Jastine C. (Org.). Research Handbook on Child Soldiers. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019. p. 1-26.

EASTWOOD, J. Rethinking militarism as ideology: The critique of violence after security. Security Dialogue, v. 49, n. 1-2, p. 44-56, 2018.

ENLOE, Cynthia. Globalization and Militarism: Feminists Make the Link. 2. ed. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016.

ENLOE, Cynthia. Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.

ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA (EUA). Army Recruiting Command. Headquarters. USAREC Regulation 350-13: School Recruiting Programs. Fort Knox, KY, 17 mar. 2021. 59 p. Regulamento.

FOUCAULT, Michel. Microfísica do poder [Microphysics of Power]. 5. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 2017. (Machado, R., Org., Introd., & Rev. Téc.).

GALAVIZ, B.; PALAFOX, J.; MEINERS, E. R. The Militarization and the Privatization of Public Schools. Berkeley Review of Education, v. 2, n. 1, p. 27-45, 2011.

HANSON, Karl; MOLIMA, Christelle. Getting Tambo out of limbo: exploring alternative legal frameworks that are more sensitive to the agency of children and young people in armed conflict. In: DRUMBL, Mark A.; BARRETT, Jastine C. (Org.). Research Handbook on Child Soldiers. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019. p. 110-131.

HARDING, Scott; KERSHNER, Seth. A borderline issue: Are there child soldiers in the United States? Journal of Human Rights, v. 17, n. 3, p. 322-339, 2017.

JARVIS, Lee. Children’s Games and Global Politics: Masculinity, Militarism, and the Warrior Hero. Review of International Studies, v. 50, n. 1, p. 1–19, 2024.

JENKS, Chris. Childhood. 2. ed. London; New York: Routledge, 2005.

JÉZÉQUEL, Jean-Hervé. Child Soldiers in Africa: A singular phenomenon? Vingtième Siècle. Revue d’histoire, n. 89, p. 89-107, 2006. Fondation MSF / CRASH.

JONES, Ann. America's Child Soldiers JROTC and the Militarizing of America. The National Network Opposing the Militarization of Youth (NNOMY), 4 jun. 2022. Disponível em: https://nnomy.org/en/971-america-s-child-soldiers-jrotc-and-the-militarizing-of-america.html. Acesso em: 18 out. 2025.

KERSHNER, S.; HARDING, S.; HOWLETT, C. Breaking the War Habit: The Debate over Militarism in American Education. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2022.

LEE-KOO, Katrina. Horror and Hope: (re)presenting militarised children in global North-South relations. Third World Quarterly, v. 32, n. 4, p. 725-742, 2011.

LUTZ, Catherine. Making Soldiers in the Public Schools: An Analysis of the Army JROTC Curriculum. Diane Publishing, 1995.

LUTZ, Catherine. The Military Normal: Feeling at home with counterinsurgency in the United States. In: CAMPBELL, R. (Ed.). Violence and civilization: Studies of Social Violence in History and Prehistory. Oxford: Oxbow. p. 183-191. 2014.

MABEE, B.; VUCETIC, S. Varieties of militarism: Towards a typology. Security Dialogue, v. 49, n. 1-2, p. 96-108, 2018.

MACMILLAN, Lorraine. Militarized children and sovereign power. In: BEIER, Marshall (Ed.). The Militarization of Childhood: Thinking Beyond the Global South. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. p. 61-76.

MANZO, Kate. Imaging humanitarianism: NGO identity and the iconography of childhood. Antipode, v. 40, n. 4, p. 632-657, 2008.

MAZZARINO, Andrea. The War on Terror and the Battle for Young Minds. Inkstick Media, 2023. Disponível em: https://inkstickmedia.com/the-war-on-terror-and-the-battle-for-young-minds/. Acesso em: 18 out. 2025.

MCGAULEY, Sylvia. The military invasion of my high school: The role of JROTC. The Education Digest, v. 80, n. 8, p. 40, 2015.

MILLAR, Katharine M. Support the troops: Military Obligation, Gender, and the making of political community. Reino Unido: Oxford University Press, 2022.

OKYERE, Samuel. Introduction: International Child Protection and Its Discontents. In: HOWARD, N.; OKYERE, S. (Eds.). International Child Protection. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2022. p. 1-27.

ONU. A/51/306 - Impact of armed conflict on children. Nova Iorque: United Nations, 1996. Disponível em: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N96/219/55/PDF/N9621955.pdf?OpenElement. Acesso em: 18 out. 2025.

ONU. S/RES/1612 (2005) - Nova Iorque: United Nations, 2005. Disponível em: http://unscr.com/en/S/RES/1612 (2005)resolutions/doc/1612. Acesso em: 18 out. 2025.

PÉREZ, G. M. Citizen, student, soldier: Latina/o youth, JROTC, and the American dream. New York: New York University Press, 2015.

ROSEN, David M. Child Soldiers in the Western Imagination: From Patriots to Victims. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2015.

SHEPHERD, Laura J. Militarisation. In: BLEIKER, Roland. Visual Global Politics. US and London: Routledge, 2018.

TABAK, Jana. “Children Without Childhood”: Representations of the Child-Soldier as an International Emergency. In: SANDIN, Bengt et al. (Eds.). The Politics of Children’s Rights and Representation. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023. p. 161-180.

TABAK, Jana. The Child and the World: Child-soldiers and the Claim for Progress. University of Georgia Press, 2020.

TABAK, Jana. Tools of War, Tools of State: Stories of the Child Combatant in Global North–South Relations. In: BAMEKA, Christelle Molima et al. (Org.). Children and Violence: Agency, Experience, and Representation in and beyond Armed Conflict. London: Routledge, 2025. p. 196-212.

TABAK, Jana; ARAUJO, Marcos do Vale. Na interseção entre as agendas de segurança e direitos humanos: a proteção da infância nas operações de paz da ONU. In: DUARTE, G.; CARVALHO, L. (Org.). Azul da cor da paz? perspectivas e debates sobre as operações de paz da ONU. Belo Horizonte: Editora PUC Minas, 2022. p. 198-217.

TABAK, Jana; HERZ, Monica; HOFFMANN, Andrea Ribeiro. Encontro de Agendas na ONU: Segurança, Direitos Humanos e Infância. In: FERNANDES, Sandra; SIMÃO, Licínia. (Coords.). O Multilateralismo: Conceitos e práticas no século XXI. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2019. cap. 2, p. 43-65.

TANNOCK, Stuart. Is "Opting Out" Really an Answer? Schools, Militarism, and the Counter-Recruitment Movement in Post-September 11 United States at War. Social Justice, San Francisco, v. 32, n. 3, p. 163-178, 2005.

TYNES, Robert. American-Made Child Soldiers. Civil Wars, p. 1-29, 2023.

UNICEF. Protocolo Facultativo à Convenção sobre os Direitos da Criança relativo ao Envolvimento de Crianças em Conflitos Armados. Paris: UNICEF, 2000. Disponível em: https://gddc.ministeriopublico.pt/sites/default/files/documentos/instrumentos/protocolo_facultativo_a_convencao_sobre_direitos_crianca_relativo_%20participacao_conflitos_armados.pdf. Acesso em: 18 out. 2025.

UNICEF. The Cape Town Principles and Best Practices. Paris: UNICEF, 1997.

UNICEF. The Paris Principles: Principles and Guidelines on Children Associated with Armed Forces or Armed Groups. Paris: UNICEF, 2007.

US ARMY JROTC (AJROTC). Leadership and Education Training 1 (LET 1): The Emerging Leader. Estados Unidos: Pearson, 2015.

US ARMY JROTC (AJROTC). Army Junior ROTC Program Overview. [S. l.], 2025b. Disponível em: https://www.usarmyjrotc.com/army-junior-rotc-program-overview/. Acesso em: 18 out. 2025.

US ARMY JROTC (AJROTC). JROTC Curriculum Overview. [S. l.], 2025a. Disponível em: https://www.usarmyjrotc.com/army-junior-rotc-program-overview/. Acesso em: 18 out. 2025.

WOODWARD, Rachel. Not for Queen and Country or Any of That Shit...: Reflections on Citizenship and Military Participation in Contemporary British Soldier Narratives. In: COWEN, Deborah; GILBERT, Emily (Org.). War, Citizenship, Territory. London: Routledge, 2008. p. 363–384.

Downloads

Publicado

2026-05-06