O papel da "civilização ecológica" chinesa na nova ordem ambiental internacional: ideias para um mundo pós-COVID

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5007/2177-5230.2020v35n77p504

Resumo

A Construção de uma Civilização Ecológica responde à grave crise ambiental na China e está começando a causar mudanças de paradigma na política ambiental doméstica. No decorrer da pandemia da Covid-19, ficou evidente a ambição geopolítica e importância do país como poder normativo em questões da governança global. Utilizando-se a teoria construtivista, analisa-se a atuação de Pequim em instituições, o estabelecimento de normas nacionais e seu potencial para redefinir a ordem ambiental global. Discutem-se a atuação chinesa em organizações internacionais e eco-compensações para indicar possíveis comportamentos futuros do país na definição de agendas ambientais. Concluímos que a China contribui com visões normativas na área ambiental, principalmente nos países do Sul Global.

Biografia do Autor

Niklas Werner Weins, Universidade Estadual de Campinas

Doutorando e bolsista FAPESP em Ambiente e Sociedade (NEPAM/IFCH) e LABGEC da UNICAMP.

Leila da Costa Ferreira, Universidade Estadual de Campinas

Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais (NEPAM)

Rita de Cassia Oliveira Feodrippe, Escola de Guerra Naval: Rio de Janeiro

Mestre em Estudos Marítimos

Referências

ADB - ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK. Toward a National Eco-compensation Regulation in the People's Republic of China. Manila: Asian Development Bank. 2016. Disponível em: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/212726/eco-compensation-regulation-prc.pdf.

AIIB - Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. AIIB and Amundi Launch Climate Change Investment Framework to Drive Asia’s Green Recovery and Transition the Paris Agreement. Beijing: AIIB. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.aiib.org/en/news-events/news/2020/AIIB-and-Amundi-Launch-Climate-Change-Investment-Framework-to-Drive-Asia-Green-Recovery-and-Transition.html.

ASCENÇÃO, F.; FAHRIG, L.; CLEVENGER, A. P.; CORLETT, R. T.; JAEGER, J. A. G.; LAURANCE, W. F.; PEREIRA, H. M. Environmental challenges for the Belt and Road Initiative. Nature Sustainability, v. 1, n. 5, p. 206–209, 15 maio 2018. Disponível em: http://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-018-0059-3.

AUTH, G. Theorien der Internationalen Beziehungen kompakt. Berlin: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2015. http://doi.org/10.1524/9783486711219.

BANCO MUNDIAL. Cost of pollution in China - economic estimates of physical damages. p. 151. Washington D.C.: The World Bank. 2007.

BANCO MUNDIAL. Implications of a changing China for Brazil: a new window of opportunity? p. 132. Washington D.C.: The World Bank. 2014.

BARBI, F.; FERREIRA, L. C.; GUO, S. Climate change challenges and China’s response: mitigation and governance. Journal of Chinese Governance, v. 1, n. 2, p. 324-339, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/23812346.2016.1181598.

BARBIERI, M. D. Sociedade civil, Estado e questão ambiental na China. 2020. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2020. Tese de doutorado. Disponível em: http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/342031.

BEESON, M. Coming to Terms with the Authoritarian Alternative: The Implications and Motivations of China’s Environmental Policies. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, v. 5, n. 1, p. 34–46, jan. 2018. Disponível em: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/app5.217.

BELL, D. A. The China Model: Political Meritocracy and the Limits of Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2015.

CARRAI, M. A. In the Eye of the Beholder: The China Model as a discourse. Fairbank Center Blog, 2018. Disponível em: https://medium.com/fairbank-center/in-the-eye-of-the-beholder-the-china-model-as-a-discourse-fbf95e06361c.

CASTRO, D. China a as conexões do desenvolvimento: Questões e economia, sociedade e política. Revista Tempo do Mundo, v. 3, n. 2, p. 37–82, 2017. Disponível em: http://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/handle/11058/8211.

CCICED. South-South Cooperation for Ecological Civilization (Draft). Beijing: China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development. 2016. Disponível em: https://www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/CCICED-south-south-cooperation-for-ecological-civilization-final-1125.pdf.

CHAN, G.; LEE, P. K.; CHAN, L.-H. China Engages Global Governance. a new world order in the making?. Routledge, 2011. Disponível em: http://doi.org/10.4324/9780203698334.

CHEN, C.; MATZDORF, B.; ZHEN, L.; SCHRÖTER, B. Social-Network Analysis of local governance models for China’s eco-compensation program. Ecosystem Services, v. 45, n. April, p. 101191, out. 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101191.

CHEN, H. F. Chinese Sociology: State-Building and the Institutionalization of Globally Circulated Knowledge. London: Macmillan, 2018. Disponível em: http://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58220-1.

CHEN, X.; FAZILOV, F. Re-centering Central Asia: China’s “New Great Game” in the old Eurasian Heartland. Palgrave Communications, v. 4, n. 1, 2018. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0125-5.

COMITÊ CENTRAL DO CPC DA RPC. Várias Opiniões sobre o Estabelecimento de um Mecanismo Eficaz de Longo Prazo para Monitoramento e Alerta Antecipado de Recursos e Capacidade de Carga Ambiental 2017. Disponível em: http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Db=chl&Gid=302186.

COPELAND, D. C. The Constructivist Challenge to Structural Realism: A Review Essay. International Security, v. 25, n. 2, p. 187–212, out. 2000. Disponível em: https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/016228800560499.

COSTA, C. M. The Words of the Belt and Road Initiative: A Chinese Discourse for the World? In: LEANDRO; DUARTE. The Belt and Road Initiative. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. p. 23–44. Disponível em: http://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2564-3_2.

EATON, S.; KOSTKA, G. Authoritarian environmentalism undermined? Local leaders’ time horizons and environmental policy implementation in China. China Quarterly, v. 218, n. 1, p. 359–380, 2014. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741014000356.

EBERHARD, J. W. Socialized or Calculated Interests. Analysing China’s Regional Policy through Constructivist and Rationalist Perspectives. Georgia State University, 2008.

FINNEMORE, M.; SIKKINK, K. International Norm Dynamics and Political Change. International Organization, v. 52, n. 4, p. 887–917, 1998. Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2601361%0A.

FERREIRA, L. C. O Desafio das Mudanças Climáticas: Os Casos Brasil e China. Jundiaí: Paco, 2017.

FERREIRA, L. C.; BARBI, F. Governing climate change in China and Brazil: empirical studies. In: FERREIRA, L. C. (Ed.). The sociology of environmental issues: theoretical and empirical investigations. Curitiba: CRV, 2018. p. 135–154.

GAO, X. China’s Evolving Image in International Climate Negotiation: From Copenhagen to Paris. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, v. 04, n. 02, p. 213–239, 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1142/S2377740018500112.

GEALL, S.; ELY, A. Narratives and Pathways towards an Ecological Civilization in Contemporary China. The China Quarterly, v. 236, p. 1175–1196, 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741018001315/.

GIDDENS, A. The politics of Climate Change. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007.

GLOSNY, M. A. China and the BRICs: A Real (but Limited) Partnership in a Unipolar World. Polity, v. 42, n. 1, p. 100–129, jan. 2010. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1057/pol.2009.14.

GORON, C. Ecological Civilisation and the Political Limits of a Chinese Concept of Sustainability. China Perspectives, v. 2018, n. 4, p. 39–52, 31 dez. 2018. Disponível em: http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/8463.

GOTTWALD, J. C.; DUGGAN, N. Expectations and adaptation: China’s foreign policies in a changing global environment. International Journal of China Studies, v. 2, n. 1, p. 1–26, 2011.

GROSSMAN, D. China’s aggression amid the COVID-19 pandemic has little to do with COVID-19. World Politics Review, v. May, n. 20, 2020.

HAAS, P. M. Introduction: epistemic communities and international policy coordination. International Organization, v. 46, n. 01, p. 1, 1992. Disponível em: http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0020818300001442.

HAAS, P. M. UN conferences and constructivist governance of the environment. Global governance, v. 8, p. 73, 2002.

HANSEN, M. H.; LI, H.; SVARVERUD, R. Ecological civilization: Interpreting the Chinese past, projecting the global future. Global Environmental Change, v. 53, n. April, p. 195–203, nov. 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.09.014.

HANSON, A. Ecological Civilization in the People's Republic of China: Values, Action, and Future Needs. ADB East Asia Working Paper Series, n. 21, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.adb.org/publications/ecological-civilization-values-action-future-needs.

HART, C. A. From Paris to Beijing: Implementing the Paris Agreement in the People’s Republic of China. Washington D.C.: Atlantic Council. 2019.

HART, C.; JIAYAN, Z.; JIAHUI, Y. Mapping China's Climate Policies. 2017. Disponível em: http://www.chinacarbon.info.

HE, N.; COUTO JR, F. Can Brazil replicate China's successful solar industry? London: Diálogo Chino / Instituto Clima e Sociedade. 2019.

HEILMANN, B. S.; RUDOLF, M.; HUOTARI, M.; BUCKOW, J. China’s Shadow Foreign Policy : Parallel Structures Challenge the Established International Order. Mercator Institute for China Studies (Merics), v. 18, p. 1–9, 2014.

HOLBIG, H. Shifting Ideologies of Research Funding: The CPC’s National Planning Office for Philosophy and Social Sciences. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, v. 43, n. 2, p. 13–32, jun. 2014. Disponível em: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/186810261404300203.

JAKÓBOWSKI, J. Chinese-led Regional Multilateralism in Central and Eastern Europe, Africa and Latin America: 16 + 1, FOCAC, and CCF. Journal of Contemporary China, v. 27, n. 113, p. 659–673, 3 set. 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1458055.

JONES, C. Contesting within order? China, socialisation, and international practice. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, v. 33, n. 1, p. 105–133, 2 jan. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09557571.2019.1674781.

KITAGAWA, H. Environmental Policy Under President Xi Jinping Leadership: The Changing Environmental Norms. Chap. 1. In: KITAGAWA, H. (Ed.). Environmental Policy and Governance in China. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56490-4.

KLEIN, N. This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate. London: Penguin. 2014.

LAHIRI-DUTT, K. Living in, and thinking about, the world in pandemic times. Ecology, Economy and Society – the INSEE Journal, v. 3, n. 2, p. 1–3, 2020. Disponível em: https://ecoinsee.org/journal/ojs/index.php/ees/article/view/283.

MA T.; LIU Q. China reshapes ministries to better protect environment. China Dialogue. 2018. p. 2-5. Publicado em 14/03/2018. Disponível em: https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/China-reshapes-ministries-environment.

MARINELLI, M. How to Build a ‘Beautiful China’ in the Anthropocene. The Political Discourse and the Intellectual Debate on Ecological Civilization. Journal of Chinese Political Science, v. 23, n. 3, p. 365–386, 22 set. 2018. Disponível em: http://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-018-9538-7.

MARSHALL, G.; SCOTT, J. A Dictionary of Sociology. 3 rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009.

MASOOD, E. How China is redrawing the map of world science. Nature, v. 569, n. 7754, p. 20–23, 1 maio 2019. Disponível em: http://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01124-7.

MINZER, C. The Rise of China and the Interests of the United States. The Ripon Forum, v. 41. n. 2. 2007.

MU, R. Bounded Rationality in the Developmental Trajectory of Environmental Target Policy in China, 1972–2016. Sustainability, v. 10, n. 1, p. 199, 2018. Disponível em: http://doi.org/10.3390/su10010199.

NORMILE, D. Can China, the world’s biggest coal consumer, become carbon neutral by 2060? Science, 29 set. 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf0377.

PAN, Y. (潘岳). Sobre uma civilização ecológica socialista (Lun shehui zhuyi shengtai wenming 论社会主义生态文明). Green Leaf (lüdie 绿叶), v. 10, p. 10-18. 2006.

PINOTTI, T. de M. A participação chinesa na ONU: de espectadora à protagonista. In: Anais do 4o Seminário Pesquisar China Contemporânea. Campinas: Editora da Unicamp, 2020.

Disponível em: https://econtents.bc.unicamp.br/eventos/index.php/chinabrasil/issue/archive.

RAPOZA, K. China’s Pres Xi: GDP No Longer The Measure Of Success. Forbes, 1 jul. 2013.

Disponível em: https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2013/07/01/chinas-pres-xi-gdp-no-longer-the-measure-of-success/#35f4149b18db.

RIBEIRO, W. C. A ordem ambiental internacional. Editora Contexto, 2001.

SCHMITT, E. A. The Atmosphere of an Ecological Civilization: A Study of Ideology, Perception and Action in Chengdu, China. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Tese de doutorado. 2016.

SCHOMERS, S.; MATZDORF, B. Payments for ecosystem services: A review and comparison of developing and industrialized countries. Ecosystem Services, v. 6, p. 16–30, 2013.

SHAMBAUGH, D. China Goes Global - The Partial Power. Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 2013.

SHANG, W.; GONG, Y.; WANG, Z.; STEWARDSON, M. J. Eco-compensation in China: Theory, practices and suggestions for the future. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 210, p. 162–170, mar. 2018. Disponível em: https://doi/org/S0301479717312653.

SILVER, L.; DEVLIN, K.; HUANG, C. People around the globe are divided in their opinions of China. Washington D.C.: Pew Research Center. 2019. Disponível em: https://pewrsr.ch/2lJHUr6.

SOUTAR, R. World food systems at a critical juncture ahead of Rome summit. Diálogo Chino. 21/5/2019.

SOUZA, L. E. V. A internalização paradoxal dos critérios de sustentabilidade na formulação das estratégias de China e Brasil para o setor energético. In: FERREIRA, L. C. (Org.). O desafio das mudanças climáticas: os casos Brasil e China. Jundiaí: Paco, 2017, Cap. 6, p. 167-192.

TANG, Q.; GE, Q. (Ed). Atlas of environmental risks facing China under climate change. Springer, 2017. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4199-0.

TIEZZI, S. At UN, Xi Outlines China’s Vision for the World. The Diplomat, v. Sept, n. 23, 2020. Disponível em: https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/at-un-xi-outlines-chinas-vision-for-the-world/.

TOOZE, A. Did Xi Just Save the World? Foreign Policy, Sept, n. 25, 2020.

TSIM, S.; SU, S. Y.; YUEN, B. B.; XIE, M. L. Comparison of Building Environment Assessment Systems Across the Belt and Road Countries: How Do Green Buildings Contribute to Achieving Ecological Civilization and Sustainable Development Goals? In: Silk Road to Belt Road. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. p. 235–258. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2998-2_14.

UNEP - Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente. Green is Gold: The Strategy and Actions of China’s Ecological Civilization. 2016. Disponível em: http://reliefweb.int/report/china/green-gold-strategy-and-actions-china-s-ecological-civilization.

VADELL, J.; BRUTTO, G. Lo; LEITE, A. C. C. The Chinese South-South development cooperation: an assessment of its structural transformation. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, v. 63, n. 2, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7329202000201.

VAN ROOIJ, B.; STERN, R. E.; FÜRST, K. The authoritarian logic of regulatory pluralism: Understanding China’s new environmental actors. Regulation & Governance, v. 10, n. 1, p. 3–13, mar. 2016. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12074.

WANG-KAEDING, H. What does Xi Jinping’s new phrase “Ecological Civilization” mean? An investigation of the phrase is pressing. The Diplomat, p. 1–6, 2018. Disponível em: https://thediplomat.com/2018/03/what-does-xi-jinpings-new-phrase-ecological-civilization-mean/.

WANG, H.; KARL, R. E. Contemporary Chinese Thought and the Question of Modernity. Social Text, n. 55, p. 9, 1998. Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/466684.

WEINS, N. W.; SCHMIDT, A. F. J.; HASE-UETA, M.; TJONG, E. Virtual Water in Commodity Trade between China and Brazil: new perspectives for a sustainable business environment? 3rd Annual Meeting Fudan Latin-America University Consortium. Santiago de Chile. 2019.

WEINS, N. W. A constructivist perspective on the rise of China: a case of regional norm entrepreneurship?. Bachelor's thesis. Instituto de Estudos da Ruhr Universität Bochum. 2015.

WENDT, A. Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power politics. International Organization, v. 46. n. 2. 1992. p. 391-425.

WENDT, A. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1999.

XI, J. Full text: Xi Jinping’s speech at the General Debate of the 75th session of the United Nations General Assembly. CGTN, 2020. Discurso. Disponível em: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-09-23/Full-text-Xi-Jinping-s-speech-at-General-Debate-of-UNGA-U07X2dn8Ag/index.html.

YU, B. Between Chinese and Western Norms: Local Policy Deliberation and Cross-issue-area Variations in China’s Global Governance Strategies. 2019. University of Toronto, 2019. Disponível em: https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/97744/3/Yu_Bowen_201911_PhD_thesis.pdf.

YU, H.; XIE, W.; YANG, L.; DU, A.; ALMEIDA, C. M. V. B.; WANG, Y. From payments for ecosystem services to eco-compensation: Conceptual change or paradigm shift? Science of the Total Environment, v. 700, p. 134627, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134627.

ZAGO, L. A questão ambiental na China de Mao Zedong e Deng Xiaoping. In: FERREIRA, L. C. (Org.). O desafio das mudanças climáticas: os casos Brasil e China. Jundiaí: Paco, 2017, Cap. 3, p. 83-110.

ZHANG, Q.; BENNETT, M. T. Eco-Compensation for Watershed Services in the People’s Republic of China. Manila: Asian Development Bank, 2011.

ZHONG Y.; CHEN, Y. Regime Support in Urban China. Asian Survey, v. 53, n. 2, p. 369–92. 2013.

Downloads

Publicado

2020-12-07