Problemas no uso de empatia em investigações sobre o comportamento moral
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5007/1677-2954.2021.e79970Resumo
Os últimos anos apresentaram grande quantidade de pesquisas conceituais e empíricas sobre a empatia, além de um crescente interesse público pelo tema. Nesse contexto, as esferas acadêmica e pública, diversas vezes, utilizam empatia e moralidade de forma intercambiável. Neste artigo, argumentar-se-á que existe uma relação entre ambas, porém com diferentes níveis de sobreposição. O problema está na amplitude contemporânea do conceito de empatia e sua consequente polissemia. Na construção do argumento, será relevante distinguir as diferentes características do fenômeno de vinculação emocional, em particular a ressonância emocional, a preocupação empática e a tomada de perspectiva. A distinção conceitual seguirá uma linha empírico-materialista: diferentes fenômenos corporificados necessitam de definições conceituais específicas. Afinal, cada um desses processos psicobiológicos influenciam juízos normativos de modo particular, incorrendo em formas de comportamentos sociais variados. A pluralidade de descobertas das ciências cognitivas ilustrará a relação complexa e ambígua acerca da definição de empatia. O ponto central para compreender essa relação consistirá na defesa de maior precisão conceitual acerca dos fenômenos de vinculação emocional associados à moralidade.
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