Ajustando auto-interesse e interesse público: virtudes e contexto pandêmico

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5007/1677-2954.2023.e98465

Palavras-chave:

outer conditions

Resumo

Este artigo explora como as condições externas da pandemia do COVID-19 afetam a psicologia moral dos indivíduos. Argumentaremos que contextos desafiadores como a pandemia são condições externas que moldam as ações humanas. Amparados pela teoria das virtudes de Adam Smith, argumentaremos que os indivíduos podem equilibrar o interesse próprio com a preocupação pelos outros, mesmo em circunstâncias desafiadoras através das virtudes da justiça, da benevolência, da prudência e, principalmente, do auto-controle. Concluiremos afirmado que, mesmo em contextos desafiantes, indivíduos precisam equilibrar interesse privado e público para oferecer uma ação moral apropriada.

Biografia do Autor

Thaís Alves Costa, Instituto Federal Farroupilha - São Borja

Professora do Instituto Federal Farroupilha - São Borja.

Doutora em Filosofia pela Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), com bolsa CAPES. Visiting Scholar na University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill (UNC), sob orientação do professor Geoffrey Sayre-McCord.  e membro da International Adam Smith Society (IASS).

Mestre em Direito pela Universidade Federal de Rio Grande (FURG), com mobilidade acadêmica na University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill (UNC).

Membro da International Adam Smith Society (IASS).

Referências

ABOU GHAYDA, R.; LEE, K. H.; HAN, Y. J.; RYU, S., HONG, S. H.; YOON, S.; JEONG, G. H.; YANG, J. W.; LEE, H. J.; LEE, J.; LEE, J. Y.; EFFENBERGER, M.; EISENHUT, M.; KRONBICHLER, A.; SOLMI, M.; LI, H.; JACOB, L.; KOYANAGI, A.; RADUA, J.; SHIN, J. I. 2022. “The global case fatality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 by continents and national income: A meta‐analysis.” Journal of Medical Virology, 94(6), 2402–2413. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27610.

ACHAIAH, N. C. & SUBBARAJASETTY, S. B. 2020. R0 and re of covid-19: Can we predict when the pandemic outbreak will be contained? Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 24(11), 1125–1127. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23649.

ACHONU, C.; A. Laporte, and M. A. Gardam. 2005. “The Financial Impact of Controlling a Respiratory Virus Outbreak in a Teaching Hospital: Lessons Learned from SARS.” Canadian Journal of Public Health 96 (1): 52–54.

BALEY, O. (2016) “Empathy, concern, and understanding in The Theory of Moral Sentiments”. The Adam Smith Review. Fonna Forman (ed) Oxon: Routledge.

BARAVALLE. (2014) “As muitas faces do altruísmo: pressões seletivas e grupos humanos”. Scientiæ Studia. São Paulo. 12 (1), 97-120.

BARBOSA, E. 2022. “The COVID-19 Pandemic as a Severe Scarcity Condition: Testing the Tenacity of Ideal Theories of Justice.” In: Gottfried Schweiger (Org.). The Global and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Ethical and Philosophical Reflection. 1ed.Cham: Springer, 2022, v. 1, p. 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97982-9_2.

BARBOSA, E.; ALVES COSTA, T. C. (2015). “A veritá effetuale como fundamento do realismo político de Maquiavel”. Revista Perspectiva Filosófica. v. 42, n. 1.

BIGONI, A.; MALIK, A. M., TASCA, R.; CARRERA, M. B. M.; SCHIESARI, L. M. C.; GAMBARDELLA, D. D.; MASSUDA, A. (2022). “Brazil’s health system functionality amidst of the COVID-19 pandemic: An analysis of resilience.” The Lancet Regional Health - Americas, 10, 100222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2022.100222.

CARRASCO, Maria A. “Adam Smith: Virtues and Universal Principles”: Revue internationale de philosophie, vol. n° 269, no 3, setembro de 2014, p. 223–50. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.3917/rip.269.0223.

CHARLIER, Christophe. “The Notion of Prudence in Smith’s ‘Theory of Moral Sentiments’”. History of Economic Ideas, vol. 4, no 1/2, 1996, p. 271–97. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23722190.

COSTA, T. C. A. (2022) Adam Smith’s tripartite theory: the possibility of sympathetic engagement. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Federal de Pelotas – UFPel, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia.

DARWALL, S., 1998. “Empathy, Sympathy, and Care,” Philosophical Studies, 89: 261–282.

EMERSON, R. (2003) “The contexts of the Scottish enlightenment”. The Cambridge companion to the Scottish enlightenment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

EVENSKY, J. (1986) Adam Smith’s Lost Legacy. Clarendon Press.

EVENSKY, J. (2015) Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nation. Cambridge University.

FERNANDEZ, Klein R. Principles of Ethical Recruitment of Global Nurses in a Bilateral Labor Agrreement – A Rawlsian Contract Approach. In: Gottfried Schweiger (Org.). The Global and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Ethical and Philosophical Reflection. 1ed.Cham: Springer, 2022, v. 1, p. 251-268.

FISCHOFF, E. (1944) “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism”. Social Research, Vol. XI.

FITZGIBBONS (1995) Adam Smith’s system of Liberty, Wealth and Virtue.

FITZPATRICK, W. “Morality and Evolutionary Biology”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/morality-biology/>. Accessed [05.20.2021].

FLEISCHACKER, S. (2019) Being Me Being You: Adam Smith and Empathy. The University of Chicago Press.

FLEISCHACKER, S (2004) On Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations: A Philosophical Companion. Princeton University Press.

FORMAN-BARZILAI, F. Adam Smith and the Circles of Sympathy: Cosmopolitanism and Moral Theory, Cambridge, 2010.

FORBES (1975). Skeptical Whiggism, Commerce, and Liberty.

FRAZER, M (2010) The Enlightenment of Sympathy: Justice and the Moral Sentiments in the Eighteenth Century and Today. Oxford University Press.

FULCHER, J. (2015) Capitalism: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press, USA.

FUSFELD, D. R. (2000). “A Manifesto for Institutional Economics: Remarks Upon Receiving the Veblen-Commons Award.” Journal of Economic Issues, 34(2), 257-266.

GILL, M. (2006) The British Moralists on Human Nature and the Birth of Secular Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

GRISWOLD, C. (1999). Adam Smith and the virtues of enlightenment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

GRISWOLD, C. (2006). “On the incompleteness of Adam Smith’s system”. The Adam Smith Review. Volume 2. Routledge.

HARDIN, Garrett. “The Tragedy of the Commons: The Population Problem Has No Technical Solution; It Requires a Fundamental Extension in Morality.” Science, vol. 162, no 3859, dec. 1968, p. 1243–48. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.162.3859.1243.

HEILBROONER (1986). The Essential Adam Smith. WW Norton.

HEILBROONER (1996). “The wonderful world of Adam Smith”. World Economics. WW Norton.

HILDEBRAND, B. (2013). “The national economics of the present and future”. German Utility Theory. Routledge.

HONT, I; IGNATIEFF, M. (1986). Wealth and Virtue. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

HUME, D. [1739] A treatise of human nature. 2nd edition. L. A. Selby-Bigge (Ed). 2nd edition. Oxford, Clarendon Press (1978).

HUME. (1932) The Letters of David Hume, ed. J. Y. T. Greig, 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

KIESLING, L. (2012). “Mirror Neuron Research and Adam Smith’s Concept of Sympathy: Three Points of Correspondence”. Rev Austrian Econ 25, 299-313.

KLEIN, D. B; MATSON, E. W; DORAN, C. (2018). “The man within the breast, the supreme impartial spectator, and other impartial spectators in Adam Smith’s The Theory of Moral Sentiments”. History of European Ideas, 44(8), 1153-1168.

Lopez, Ditas, and Claire Jiao. 2020. Supplier of World’s Nurses Struggles to Fight Virus at Home. Bloomberg, April 23.

MONTES, L. (1966). Adam Smith in context: a critical reassessment of some central components of his thought.

MONTES, L. (2003). “Das Adam Smith Problem: its origins, the stages of the current debate, and one implication for our understanding of sympathy”. Journal of the History of Economic Thought. vol. 25, no. 1, 2003, pp. 63-90, p. 68.

MULLAN, J. (1988). Sentiment and Sociability the Language of Feeling in the Eighteenth Century.

OTTESON, J. (2002) Adam Smith’s marketplace of life. Cambridge University Press.

OTTESON, J. (2011). “How High Does the Impartial Spectator Go?”. Adam Smith as Theologian. Routledge.

RAPHAEL, D. D. (1984). The Moral Sense in the Thought of Adam Smith. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 19.

RASMUSSEN, D. (2006) The infidel and the professor: David Hume, Adam Smith, and the friendship that shaped modern thought. Princeton: University Press.

RINALDI, G. & PARADISI, M. 2020. “An empirical estimate of the infection fatality rate of COVID-19 from the first Italian outbreak.” [Preprint]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS). https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.18.20070912.

ROSEN, G. 1993. A history of public health (Expanded edn). The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

SAYRE-MCCORD, G. 2013. “Hume and Smith on Sympathy, Approbation, and Moral Judgment,” Social Philosophy and Policy, 30: 208–236.

SIDIK, S.M. [n.d.]. “How COVID has deepened inequality—In six stark graphics.” Nature. Retrieved November 30, 2022, from https://www.nature.com/immersive/d41586-022-01647-6/index.html.

SILVA, G. A. B.; SARAIVA, E. V.; FERREIRA, G. J. S. N.; PEIXOTO JUNIOR, R. de M.; FERREIRA, L. F. 2020. “Healthcare system capacity of the municipalities in the State of Rio de Janeiro: Infrastructure to confront COVID-19.” Revista de Administração Pública. 54(4), 578–594. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220200128x.

SMITH, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations [1776]. Eds. R. H. Campbell; A. S. Skinner; W. B. Todd (1981).

SMITH, Adam. 1759 [TMS], The Theory of Moral Sentiments, D.D. Raphael and A.L. Macfie (eds.), Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1976.

SMITH, Adam. (1759). The Theory of Moral Sentiments. London: A. Millar.

STEFAŃSKI, M. 2022. “GDP effects of pandemics: A historical perspective.” Empirical Economics, 63(6), 2949–2995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-022-02227-3.

Strategic preparedness, readiness and response plan to end the global COVID-19 emergency in 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022 (WHO/WHE/ SPP/2022.01). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

TAGLIABUE, F.; GALASSI, L.; MARIANI, P. 2020. “The ‘pandemic’ of disinformation in covid-19. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine, 2(9), 1287–1289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00439-1.

TAUBENBERGER, J. K.; MORENS, D. M. 2010. “Influenza: the once and future pandemic.” Public Health Rep. 125 (Suppl. 3), 16–26.

TAUBENBERGER, J. K.; MORENS, D. M.; FAUCI, A. S. 2007. “The next influenza pandemic: can it be predicted?” JAMA 297, 2025–2027. doi: 10.1001/jama.297.18.2025.

The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response. 2020. COVID-19: Make it the Last Pandemic. Available at: https://theindependentpanel.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/COVID-19-Make-it-the-Last-Pandemic_final.pdf.

ZACK, N. 2009. Ethics for Disaster. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publisher.

WONG, D. B. (2017). Constructive Skepticism and Being a Mirror in the Zhuangzi. Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 44(1–2), 53–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6253.12320.

World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific. 2020. Indicators to monitor health-care capacity and utilization for decision-making on COVID-19(WPR/DSE/2021/026). WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/333754.

Downloads

Publicado

2024-03-11

Edição

Seção

Dossiê Bioética, Justiça Distributiva e Pandemias