Certification and Discipline: the everyday production of organic compliance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-8034.2022.e80132Keywords:
Participatory certification, Organic food, Standards, Trust, DeviceAbstract
Certification of organic farming is based on third-party audit procedures, governed by international standards, objective assessments, and written reports. Facing that, a diversity of social movements and non-governmental organizations has been coordinating an alternative to these conventional proceedings and encouraging participatory processes for guaranteeing organic compliance. This paper intends to address issues related to verification of organic compliance procedures and their effects on smallholders in an association located in Sa?o Paulo state, drawing on an ethnography of participatory certification. Through the description and analysis of an audit witnessed by State auditors, I seek to present how the certification procedures are constantly shaped in practice and updated by those involved. While participatory certification can be an alternative project to the third-party audit, it can also produce disciplining effects similar to state and bureaucratic practices.
References
BOSTRÖM, Magnus; KLINTMAN, Mikael. Eco-standards, product labeling and green consumerism. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
BRASIL. Decreto n. 6.323, de 27 de dezembro de 2007. Regulamenta a Lei n. 10.831 de 23 de dezembro de 2003, que dispõe sobre a agricultura orgânica e dá outras providências. Brasília: Presidência da República, 2007. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ ato2007-2010/2007/decreto/d6323.htm. Acesso em: 29 out. 2019.
CANDEA, Matei et al. Detachment: essays on limits of relational thinking. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2015.
CUÉLLAR-PADILLA, Mamen; GANUZA-FERNANDEZ, Ernesto. We Don’t Want to Be Officially Certified! Reasons and Implications of the Participatory Guarantee Systems. Sustainability, [s.l.], v. 10, n. 4, p. 1.142, 2018.
DUPUIS, Erna; GILLON, Sean. Alternative modes of governance: organic as civic engagement. Agriculture and Human Values, [s.l.], v. 26, p. 43-56, 2009.
FONSECA, Claudia et al. Apresentação: ciências e tecnologias de governo entrando em ação. In: FONSECA, Claudia et al. (org). Ciência, medicina e perícia nas tecnologias de governo. Porto Alegre, Editora UFRGS/CEGOV, 2016. p. 7-14.
FONSECA, Claudia; SCALCO, Lúcia. A biografia dos documentos: uma antropologia das tecnologias de identificação. In: FONSECA, Claudia; MACHADO, Helena (org.). Ciência, identificação e tecnologias de governo. Porto Alegre: Editora da UFRGS/CEGOV, 2015. p. 20-37.
FONSECA, Maria Fernanda. Alternative certification and a network conformity assessment approach. The Organic Standard, [s.l.], v. 38, n. 37, p. 1-7, 2004.
FOUCAULT, Michel. Segurança, território e população: curso dado no Collège de France (1977-1978). São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2008 [2004].
FOUCAULT, Michel. Vigiar e punir: o nascimento da prisão. Rio de Janeiro: Vozes, 2014 [1975].
GIRI, Ananta. Audited accountability and the imperative of responsibility: beyond the primacy of political. In: STRATHERN, Marilyn (ed.). Audit cultures: anthropological studies in accountability, ethics and the academy. New York, Routledge, 2000. p. 173-195.
GOODMAN, David. Ontology Matters: the relational materiality of nature and agro-food studies. Sociologia Ruralis, [s.l.], v. 41, n. 2, p. 182-200, 2001.
GONZALEZ, Alma; NIGH, Ronald. Smallholder participation and certification of organic farm products in Mexico. Journal of Rural Studies, [s.l.], v. 21, n. 4, p. 449-460, 2005.
GUTHMAN, Julie. Agrarian dreams: the paradox of organic farming in California. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.
GUTHMAN, Julie. The Polanyian Way? Voluntary Food Labels as Neoliberal Governance. Antipode, [s.l.], v. 39, n. 3, p. 456-478, 2007.
HARAWAY, Donna. Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium. Femaleman_Meets_ Oncomouse: Feminism and Technoscience. New York: Routledge, 1997.
HELLER, Chaia. Techne versus Technoscience: Divergent (and Ambiguous) Notions of Food “Quality” in the French Debate over GM Crops. American Anthropologist, [s.l.], v. 109, n. 4, p. 603-615, 2007.
HIRATA, Aloisia et al. The Contribution of the Participatory Guarantee System in the Revival of Agroecological Principles in Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Sustainability, [s.l.], v. 11, n. 17, p. 4.675, 2019.
HULL, Matthew. Documents and Bureaucracy. Annual Review of Anthropology, [s.l.], v. 41, p. 251-267, 2012a.
HULL, Matthew. Government of Paper: The Materiality of Bureaucracy in Urban Pakistan. Berkeley;Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2012b.
INGRAM, Mrill. Disciplining microbes in the implementation of US Federal Organic Standards. Environment and Planning A, [s.l.], v. 39, p. 2.966-2.882, 2007.
JASANOFF, Sheila. Introduction. The idiom of co-production. In: JASANOFF, Sheila. (org.). States of knowledge: the co-production of science and social order. New York: Routledge, 2004. p. 1-12.
KAUFMANN, Sonja; VOGL, Christian. Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) in Mexico: a theoretic ideal or everyday practice? Agriculture and Human Values, [s.l.], v. 35, p. 457- 472, 2018.
KONEFAL, Jason; HATANAKA, Maki. Enacting third-party certification: A case study of science and politics in organic shrimp certification. Journal of Rural Studies, [s.l.], v. 27, n. 2, p. 127-133, 2011.
LATOUR, Bruno. Reassembling the social: an introduction to Actor-Network Theory. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
LATOUR, Bruno. Referência circulante: amostragem do solo da floresta amazônica. In: LATOUR, Bruno. A esperança de Pandora: ensaios sobre a realidade dos estudos científicos. São Paulo, Editora UNESP, 2017. p. 39-96.
LAW, John. After method: mess in social research. London; New York: Routledge, 2004.
LOCONTO, Allison; HATANAKA, Maki. Participatory guarantee systems: alternative ways of defining, measuring, and assessing ‘sustainability’. Sociologia Ruralis, [s.l.], v. 58, n. 2, p. 412-432, 2018.
MATHUR, Nayanika. Paper Tiger: Law, Bureaucracy and the Developmental State in Himalayan India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
MEIRELLES, Laércio. A origem da certificação participativa e os desafios dos Sistemas Participativo de Garantia. In: HIRATA, Aloisia; ROCHA, Luiz (org.). Sistemas Participativos de Garantia: histórias e experiências. Pouso Alegre: IFSULDEMINAS, 2020. p. 46-59.
MOBERG, Mark. Certification and Neoliberal Governance: Moral Economies of Fair Trade in the Eastern Caribbean. American Anthropologist, [s.l.], v. 116, n. 1, p. 8-22, 2014.
MONTEFRIO, Marvin; JOHNSON, Alaine. Politics in participatory guarantee system for organic food production. Journal of Rural Studies, [s.l.], v. 65, p. 1-11, 2019.
MUTERSBAUGH, Tad. Fighting standards with standards: harmonization, rents, and social accountability in certified agrofood networks. Environment and Planning A, [s.l.], v.37, p. 2.033-2.051, 2005.
MUTERSBAUGH, Tad. Serve and certify: paradoxes of service work in organic-coffee certification. Environment and Planning D, [s.l.], v. 22, n. 4, p. 533-552, 2004.
NELSON, Erin et al. Participatory guarantee systems and the re-imagining of Mexico’s organic sector. Agriculture and Human Values, [s.l.], v. 33, n. 2, p. 373-388, 2016.
NELSON, Erin et al. Participatory organic certification in Mexico: an alternative approach to maintaining the integrity of the organic label. Agriculture and Human Values, [s.l.], v. 27, p. 227-237, 2010.
NIEDERLE, Paulo et al. Claire. Social movements and institutional change in organic food markets: Evidence from participatory guarantee systems in Brazil and France. Journal of Rural Studies, [s.l.], v. 78, p. 282-291, 2020.
NIEDERLE, Paulo; RADOMSKY, Guilherme. Quem governa por dispositivos? A produção das normas e padrões para os alimentos orgânicos no Brasil. Tomo, [s.l.], v. 30, p. 227-265, 2017.
PAXSON, Heather. The Life of Cheese: Crafting Food and Value in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013.
RADOMSKY, Guilherme. O poder do selo: imaginários ecológicos, formas de certificação e regimes de propriedade intelectual no sistema agroalimentar. Porto Alegre: Editora da UFRGS, 2015.
RADOMSKY, Guilherme. Propriedade intelectual e certificação de produtos da agricultura ecológica. In: LEAL, Ondina; VERGARA DE SOUZA, Rebeca (org.). Do regime de propriedade intelectual: estudos antropológicos. Porto Alegre: Tomo Editorial, 2010. p. 199-221.
RADOMSKY, Guilherme; LEAL, Ondina. Ecolabeling as a Sustainability Strategy for Smallholder Farming? The Emergence of Participatory Certification System in Brazil. Journal of Sustainable Development, [s.l.], v. 8, n. 6, 196-207, 2015.
RILES, Annelise. Introduction: in response. In: RILES, Annelise. Documents: artifacts of modern knowledge. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2006. p. 1-38.
ROSE, Nikolas; MILLER, Peter. Political Power Beyond the State – Problematics of Government. British Journal of Sociology, [s.l.], v. 43, n. 2, p. 173-205, 1992.
SMITH, Julia. Coffee landscapes: specialty coffee, terroir, and traceability in Costa Rica. Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment, [s.l.], v. 40, n. 1, p. 36-44, 2018.
STRATHERN, Marilyn. Introduction: new accountabilities. In: STRATHERN, Marilyn. (ed.). Audit cultures: anthropological studies in accountability, ethics and academy. London; New York: Routledge, 2000. p. 1-18.
STRATHERN, Marilyn. O gênero da dádiva: problema com as mulheres e problemas com a sociedade na Melanésia. Campinas: Editora da Unicamp, 2006 [1988].
VIANNA, Adriana. Etnografando documentos: uma antropóloga em meio a processos judiciais. In: CASTILHO, Sérgio; SOUZA LIMA, Antonio; TEIXEIRA, Carla (org.). Antropologia das práticas de poder: reflexões etnográficas entre burocratas, elites e corporações. Rio de Janeiro: FAPERJ, 2014. p. 43-70.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Ilha Revista de Antropologia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Os autores cedem à Ilha – Revista de Antropologia – ISSN 2175-8034 os direitos exclusivos de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Atribuição Não Comercial Compartilhar Igual (CC BY-NC-SA) 4.0 International. Esta licença permite que terceiros remixem, adaptem e criem a partir do trabalho publicado, desde que para fins não comerciais, atribuindo o devido crédito de autoria e publicação inicial neste periódico desde que adotem a mesma licença, compartilhar igual. Os autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada neste periódico (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional, em site pessoal, publicar uma tradução, ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial neste periódico, desde que para fins não comerciais e compartilhar igual.
