Management controls and behavioral factors as drivers of earnings management

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-8069.2022.e83462

Keywords:

Levers of control, Earnings management, Creativity, Empowerment

Abstract

The use of management control levers can help organizations to assess results and minimize opportunistic behavior by managers. It can shape behavioral factors by providing a trigger, on occasion, to earnings management practices. The aim of the study is to analyze whether the use of management control levers affects the relationship between the behavioral factors of empowerment and creativity of managers and the propensity for earnings management. The sample is composed of 82 respondents (managers of Brazilian companies), for data processing, the structural equation was used. The results suggest that companies that prioritize the use of management control levers by threshold and diagnostic systems create barriers to earnings management practices. On the other hand, companies with the use of management control levers through belief and interactive systems make room for managers to exercise the opportunistic behavior of earnings management.

Author Biographies

Ana Julia Batistela, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (UNOCHAPECÓ)

Mestra em Ciências Contábeis e Administração (UNOCHAPECO)

Professora do Centro de Ensino Superior Riograndense – CESURG, Sarandi/RS - Brasil

Cristian Baú Dal Magro, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (UNOCHAPECÓ)

Doutor em Ciências Contábeis e Administração (FURB)

Professor da Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó – UNOCHAPECO, Chapecó/SC, Brasil

Silvana Dalmutt Kruger, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS)

Doutora em Contabilidade (UFSC)

Professora da Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS/CPNA), Nova Andradina/MS, Brasil

Sady Mazzioni, Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó (UNOCHAPECÓ)

Doutor em Ciências Contábeis e Administração (FURB)

Professor da Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó – UNOCHAPECO, Chapecó/SC, Brasil

References

Alge, B. J., Ballinger, G. A., Tangirala, S. & Oakley, J. L. (2006). Information privacy in organizations: Empowering creative and extrarole performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1), 221. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.221

Amabile, T. M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J. & Herron, M. (1996). Assessing the work environment for creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1154-1184. https://doi.org/10.5465/256995

Amabile, T. M. & Sensabaugh, S. J. (1992). High creativity versus low creativity: What makes the difference. Readings in Innovation, (240), 19.

Anderson, N., Potočnik, K. & Zhou, J. (2014). Innovation and creativity in organizations: A state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1297-1333. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314527128

Anthony, R. N. & Govindarajan, V. (2008). Management Control Systems. AMGH Editora.

Arjaliès, D. L., & Mundy, J. (2013). The use of management control systems to manage CSR strategy: A levers of control perspective. Management Accounting Research, 24(4), 284-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar.2013.06.003

Barton, H. & Barton, L. C. (2011). Trust and psychological empowerment in the Russian work context. Human Resource Management Review, 21(3), 201-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2011.02.001

Bertero, C. O. (1996). Cultura organizacional e instrumentalização do poder. Cultura e Poder nas Organizações, 2, 29-44.

Beuren, I. M. & Vaz, P. V. C. (2015). Papel mediador do pacote do system de controle gerencial na relação entre estratégia ambiental e performance gerencial. In: Anais do Congresso USP de Controladoria e Contabilidade. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

Bharadwaj, S., & Menon, A. (2000). Making innovation happen in organizations: Individual creativity mechanism, organizational creativity mechanism or both? Journal of Product Innovation Management, 17, 424-434.

Bushman, R. M., Indjejikian, R. J. & Smith, A. (1996). CEO compensation: The role of individual performance evaluation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 21(2), 161-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(95)00416-5

Casado, T. (2002). A motivação e o trabalho. As pessoas na organização. São Paulo: Gente, p. 247-258, 2002.

Cintra, Y. C. (2011). A integração da sustentabilidade às práticas de controle gerencial das empresas no Brasil (Doctoral dissertation, University of São Paulo).

Corsun, D. L. & Enz, C. A. (1999). Predicting psychological empowerment among service workers: The effect of support-based relationships. Human Relations, 52(2), 205-224. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016984802948

Cruz, A. P. C. D., Frezatti, F. & Bido, D. D. S. (2015). Estilo de liderança, controle gerencial e inovação: Papel das alavancas de controle. Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 19(6), 772-794. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2015150099

Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01

DeFond, M. L. & Park, C. W. (1997). Smoothing income in anticipation of future earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 23(2), 115-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-4101(97)00004-9

Diehl, C. A. & de Souza, M. A. (2008). Alavancas de Controle: identificando o alinhamento estratégico. Revista Digital del Instituto Internacional de Costos, (2), 41-66.

Farmer, S. M., Tierney, P. & Kung-McIntyre, K. (2003). Employee creativity in Taiwan: An application of role identity theory. Academy of Management Journal, 46(5), 618-630. https://doi.org/10.5465/30040653

Fornell, C. & Larcker, D.F. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research 1981, 18, 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104

Garcia Osma, B., Gomez-Conde, J. & Lopez-Valeiras, E. (2019). Management Accounting and Control Systems and Earnings Management: Effects on Future Firm Performance. Available at SSRN 3449178. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3449178

Gomez-Conde, J., Lunkes, R. J. & Rosa, F. S. (2019). Environmental innovation practices and operational performance. The joint effects of management accounting and control systems and environmental training. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-01-2018-3327

Gilson, L. L., Mathieu, J. E., Shalley, C. E. & Ruddy, T. M. (2005). Creativity and standardization: complementary or conflicting drivers of team effectiveness? Academy of Management Journal, 48(3), 521-531. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.17407916

Gkorezis, P., & Petridou, E. (2008). Employees' psychological empowerment via intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Academy of Health Care Management Journal, 4(1).

Gonzalez, L. P., Jiménez, D. J. & Lorente, Á. R. M. (2013, September). Total Quality Management and its relationship with empowerment and commitment: their effects on firm performance. Proceedings in EIIC-The 2nd Electronic International Interdisciplinary Conference (No. 1).

Greenfield, A. C., Norman, C. S. & Wier, B. (2008). The effect of ethical orientation and professional commitment on earnings management behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 83(3), 419-434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9629-4

Grolnick, W. S. & Ryan, R. M. (1989). Parent styles associated with children's self-regulation and competence in school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(2), 143. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.81.2.143

Hair, J. F.; Sarstedt, M.; Hopkins, L. & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128

Hanlon, M. & Shevlin, T. (2005). Book-tax conformity for corporate income: An introduction to the issues. Tax Policy and the Economy, 19, 101-134. https://doi.org/10.1086/tpe.19.20061897

Healy, P. (1985). The impact of bonus schemes on the selection of accounting principles. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 7(1-3), 85-107.

Healy, P. M. & Wahlen, J. M. (1999). A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting. Accounting Horizons, 13(4), 365-383. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.1999.13.4.365

Henseler, J., Hubona, G. & Ray, P.A. Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: Updated guidelines. Industrial Management and Data Systems 2016, 116, 2–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-09-2015-0382

Hope, O. K. & Wang, J. (2018). Management deception, big-bath accounting, and information asymmetry: Evidence from linguistic analysis. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 70, 33-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2018.02.004

Ittner, C. D., Larcker, D. F. & Rajan, M. V. (1997). The choice of performance measures in annual bonus contracts. Accounting Review, 231-255.

Kleba, M. E. & Wendausen, A. (2009). Empowerment: the process of strengthening the subjects in the areas of social participation and political democratization. Saúde e Sociedade, 18(4), 733-743.

Koestner, R., Ryan, R. M., Bernieri, F. & Holt, K. (1984). Setting limits on children's behavior: The differential effects of controlling vs. informational styles on intrinsic motivation and creativity. Journal of Personality, 52(3), 233-248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00879.x

Kruis, A. M., Speklé, R. F. & Widener, S. K. (2016). The levers of control framework: An exploratory analysis of balance. Management Accounting Research, 32, 27-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar.2015.12.002

Martinez, A. L. & Martins, V. A. M. (2016). Alavancagem financeira e agressividade fiscal no Brasil. Revista de Contabilidade da UFBA, 10(3), 4-22. https://doi.org/10.9771/rc-ufba.v10i3.18383

Merchant, K. A. (1989). Rewarding results: Motivating profit center managers. Harvard Business School Press.

Merchant, K. A. & Rockness, J. (1994). The ethics of managing earnings: An empirical investigation. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 13(1), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4254(94)90013-2

Merchant, K. A. & Van der Stede, W. A. (2007). Management control systems: performance measurement, evaluation and incentives. Pearson Education.

Mills, P. K. & Ungson, G. R. (2003). Reassessing the limits of structural empowerment: Organizational constitution and trust as controls. Academy of Management Review, 28(1), 143-153. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2003.8925254

Mundy, J. (2010). Creating dynamic tensions through a balanced use of management control systems. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 35(5), 499-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2009.10.005

Nisiyama, E. K. & Oyadomari, J. C. T. (2012). Sistemas de controle gerencial e o processo de inovação. Revista de Administração e Inovação (RAI), 9(1), 106-125. https://doi.org/10.5773/rai.v1i1.634

Noreen, E. (1988). The economics of ethics: A new perspective on agency theory. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 13(4), 359-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-3682(88)90010-4

Nunnally, J.C. & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Validity. Psychometric Theory, 3, 99–132.

Palepu, K. G., Healy, P. M. & Peek, E. (2010). Business analysis and valuation: text and cases. South-Western, Cengage Learning.

Pardo Del Val, M. P. & Lloyd, B. (2003). Measuring empowerment. Leadership & Organization Development Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730310463297

Pettigrew, A. M. (1996). A cultura das organizações é administrável. Cultura e poder nas organizações. São Paulo: Atlas, 145-153.

Raisch, S. & Birkinshaw, J. (2008). Organizational ambidexterity: Antecedents, outcomes, and moderators. Journal of Management, 34(3), 375-409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308316058

Ricco, M. F. F. (2004). Construindo perfis comportamentais em ambiente organizacional: os estilos de mobilização dos gestores brasileiros (Doctoral dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo).

Sarooghi, H., Libaers, D. & Burkemper, A. (2015). Examining the relationship between creativity and innovation: A meta-analysis of organizational, cultural, and environmental factors. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(5), 714-731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.12.003

Schipper, K. (1989). Earnings management. Accounting Horizons, 3(4), 91.

Shalley, C. E., Zhou, J. & Oldham, G. R. (2004). The effects of personal and contextual characteristics on creativity: Where should we go from here? Journal of Management, 30(6), 933-958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.007

Sierens, E., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L., Soenens, B. & Dochy, F. (2009). The synergistic relationship of perceived autonomy support and structure in the prediction of self‐regulated learning. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 79(1), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709908X304398

Simons, R. (1995). Levers of Control: How Managers Use Innovative Control Systems to Drive Strategic Renewal. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

Speklé, R. F., Van Elten, H. J. & Widener, S. K. (2017). Creativity and control: A paradox -Evidence from the levers of control framework. Behavioral Research in Accounting, 29(2), 73-96. https://doi.org/10.2308/bria-51759

Tessier, S. & Otley, D. (2012). A conceptual development of Simons’ Levers of Control framework. Management Accounting Research, 23(3), 171-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar.2012.04.003

Thomas, K. W. & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An “interpretive” model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 666-681. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1990.4310926

Tuuli, M. M. & Rowlinson, S. (2009). Performance consequences of psychological empowerment. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 135(12), 1334-1347. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000103

Published

2022-12-30

How to Cite

Batistela, A. J., Dal Magro, C. B. ., Kruger, S. D., & Mazzioni, S. (2022). Management controls and behavioral factors as drivers of earnings management. Revista Contemporânea De Contabilidade, 19(53), 58–74. https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-8069.2022.e83462

Issue

Section

Articles