Global technologies, glocal approach: a false paradox
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7976.2020.e70598Resumen
This article seeks to identify the factors that have led researchers to root their historical approach in a national or regional context, rather than a global one. This may seem paradoxical when the Internet is thought to be global, and digital content and cultures at least partially cross-borders. These approaches are determined by reactions to a history of the Internet that has been far too focused on the United States from the outset, by a desire to consider this history in a given context, and by the historical sources. However, the use of national and regional approaches does not preclude the stimulating comparative or transnational perspectives that may renew this history in terms of infrastructure, missing narratives and user participation, as well as technical and human networks. We even suggest that studying the history of the places, people and communities that remain outside networks (whether by choice or by necessity) could tell us a lot about the global and asymmetric reality of the Internet.
Citas
ABBATE, Janet. Inventing the internet. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2000.
ABBATE, Janet. Privatizing the Internet: Competing Visions and Chaotic Events, 1987–1995. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Los Alamitos, v. 32, n. 1, p. 10-22, 2009.
ABBATE, Janet. What and where is the Internet? (Re)defining Internet histories. Internet Histories, Abingdon, v. 1, n. 1-2, p. 8-14, 2017.
ALBERTS, Gerard; WENT, Marc; JANSMA, Robert. Archaeology of the Amsterdam digital city; why digital data are dynamic and should be treated accordingly. Internet Histories, Abingdon, v. 1, n. 1-2, p. 146-159, 2017.
AURAY, Nicolas. L’Olympe de l’Internet français et sa conception de la loi civile. Cahiers du numérique, Paris, v. 3, p. 79-90, 2002.
BADOUARD, Romain; SCHAFER, Valérie. Internet, a Political Issue for Europe (1970’s-2010’s). 2012. Available at : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00823271/.
BADENOCH, Alec; NEVEJAN, Caroline. How Amsterdam Invented the Internet: European Networks of Significance, 1980- 1999. In: ALBERTS, G.; OLDENZIEL, R. (ed.). Hacking Europe: From Computer Cultures to Demoscenes. London: Springer, 2014. p. 179-205.
BALBI, Gabriele; MAGAUDDA, Paolo. A History of Digital Media: An Intermedia and Global Perspective. London: Routledge, 2018.
BAY, Morten. Hot potatoes and postmen: how packet switching became ARPANET’s greatest legacy. Internet Histories, Abingdon, v. 3, n. 1, p. 15-30, 2019.
BELLON, Anne. Gouverner l’internet: Mobilisations, expertises et bureaucraties dans la fabrique des politiques numériques (1969-2017). PhD dissertation. Paris: University Paris 1, 2018.
BEN-DAVID, Anat; AMRAM, Adam. The Internet Archive and the socio-technical construction of historical facts, Internet Histories, Abingdon, v. 2, n. 1-2, p. 179-201, 2018.
BERNERS-LEE, Tim. Weaving the Web. New York: Harper Business, 2000.
BORY, Paolo. The Italian network hopes: Rise and fall of the Socrate and Iperbole projects in the mid-1990s. Internet Histories, Abingdon, v. 3, n. 2, p. 105-122, 2019.
BRÜGGER, Niels. The Archived Web. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2018.
BRÜGGER, Niels; LAURSEN, Ditte; NIELSEN, Janne. Exploring the domain names of the Danish web. In: BRÜGGER, N.; SCHROEDER, R. (ed.). The Web as History. London: UCL Press, 2017. p. 62-82.
CAMPBELL-KELLY, Martin; GARCIA-SWARTZ, Daniel. The History of the Internet: the Missing Narratives. Journal of Information Technology, London, v. 28, n. 1, p. 18-33, 2013.
DRISCOLL, Kevin. Hobbyist inter-networking and the popular Internet imaginary: forgotten histories of networked personal computing, 1978-1998. PhD dissertation. Los Angeles: University of Southern California, 2014.
DRISCOLL, Kevin; PALOQUE-BERGÈS, Camille. Searching for missing "net histories". Internet Histories, Abingdon, v. 1, n. 1-2, p. 47-59, 2017.
FIDLER, Bradley; RUSSELL, Andrew. Financial and Administrative Infrastructure for the Early Internet: Network Maintenance at the Defense Information Systems Agency. Technology & Culture, Chicago, v. 59, n. 4, p. 899-924, 2018.
FIDLER, Bradley; CURRIE, Morgan. The production and interpretation of ARPANET maps. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Los Alamitos, v. 37, n. 1, p. 44-55, 2015.
FLICHY, Patrice. Internet ou la communauté scientifique idéale. Réseaux, v. 97, n. 17, p. 77-120, 1999.
FLICHY, Patrice. L’imaginaire d’Internet. Paris: La découverte, 2001.
GOGGIN, Gerard; MCLELLAND, Mark. Routledge Companion to Global Internet Histories. New York: Routledge, 2017.
HAIGH, Tom; RUSSELL, Andrew; DUTTON, William. Histories of the Internet. Information & Culture, Austin, v. 50, n. 2, p. 143-159, 2015.
HAUBEN, Michael. The Net and Netizens : The Impact the Net has on People’s Lives. 1992. Available at: http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/CS/netizen.txt
IRIYE, Akira; SAUNIER, Pierre-Yves (ed.). The Palgrave dictionary of transnational history. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
JO, Dongwon. H-mail and the early configuration of online user culture in Korea. In: GOGGIN, G.; MCLELLAND, M. (ed.). The Routledge Companion to Global Internet Histories. London: Routledge, 2017. p 197-208.
LOVELUCK, Benjamin. Réseaux, libertés et contrôle: une généalogie politique d’internet. Paris: Armand Colin, 2015.
MAILLAND, Julien; DRISCOLL, Kevin. Minitel: Welcome to the Internet. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 2017.
MCKELVEY, Fenwick; DRISCOLL, Kevin. ARPANET and its boundary devices: modems, IMPs, and the inter-structuralism of infrastructures. Internet Histories, Abingdon, v. 3, n. 1, p. 31-50, 2019.
MUELLER, Milton. ICANN and Internet governance: sorting through the debris of ‘self-regulation’. info, Cambridge, v. 1, n. 6, p. 497-520, 1999.
MUSIANI, Francesca; PALOQUE-BERGES, Camille; SCHAFER, Valérie; THIERRY, Benjamin. Qu’est-ce qu’une archive du Web? Marseille: OpenEdition Press, 2019.
NORA, Simon; MINC, Alain. L’informatisation de la société: rapport à M. le Président de la République. Paris: La Documentation française, 1978.
PALOQUE-BERGES, Camille. Unixian European Networks and Newsgroups: the Ideal of an Electronic Agora. International seminar on “Democracy and Technology”. Tensions of Europe Conference. Université Paris-Sorbonne: Paris, 2013.
PALOQUE-BERGES, Camille. Mapping a French Internet Experience: A Decade of Unix Networks Cooperation (1983-1993). In: GOGGIN, G.; MCLELLAND, M. (ed.). The Routledge Companion to Global Internet Histories. New York: Routledge, 2017. p. 153-170.
PALOQUE-BERGES, Camille; SCHAFER, Valérie. Arpanet (1969–2019). Introduction to a special issue. Internet Histories, Abingdon, v. 3, n. 1, p. 1-14, 2019.
PETERS, Benjamin. How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 2016.
RUSSELL, Andrew. Histories of Networking vs. the History of the Internet. SIGCIS Presentation. Copenhagen, 2012. Available at : http://arussell.org/papers/russell-SIGCIS-2012.pdf
SCHAFER, Valérie; THIERRY Benjamin. Le Minitel: l’enfance numérique de la France. Paris: Nuvis, 2012.
SCHAFER, Valérie. La France en réseaux (années 1960-1980). Paris: Nuvis, 2012.
SCHAFER, Valérie. En construction: la fabrique française d’Internet et du Web dans les années 1990. Bry-sur-Marne: INA Editions, 2018.
SCHAFER, Valérie; THIERRY, Benjamin. Web History in Context. In: BRÜGGER, N.; MILLIGAN, I. (ed.) The SAGE Handbook of Web History. First edition. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2018.
SERRES, Alexandre. Aux sources d’Internet: l’émergence d’ARPANET. Exploration du processus d’émergence d’une infrastructure informationnelle. Description des trajectoires des acteurs et actants, des filières et des réseaux constitutifs de la naissance d’ARPANET. Problèmes critiques et épistémologiques posés par l’histoire des innovations. 2000. 589 p. PhD dissertation (Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication). Université Rennes 2, 2000.
SILES, Ignacio. Establishing the Internet in Costa Rica: Co-optation and the closure of technological controversies. The Information Society, Washington, DC, v. 28, n. 1, p. 13-23, 2012.
SILES, Ignacio. The Internet as a transnational project: connecting Central America through computer networks (1990–1996). Internet Histories, Abingdon, v. 2, n. 3-4, p. 230-246, 2018.
TRÉGUER, Felix. L’utopie déchue: une contre-histoire d’Internet (XVème-XXIème siècle). Paris: Fayard, 2019.
TURNER, Fred. From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.
WASIAK, Patryk. Telephone networks, BBSes, and the emergence of the transnational ‘warez scene’. History and Technology, London, v. 35, n. 2, p. 177-194, 2019.
WINTERS, Jane. Web archives for humanities research: some reflections. In: BRÜGGER, N.; SCHROEDER, R. (ed.). The Web as History: Using Web Archives to Understand the Past and Present. London: UCL Press, 2017. p. 238-248.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
A reprodução dos textos editados pela Esboços: histórias em contextos globais é permitida sob Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0). Será pedido aos autores que assinem a licença de acesso aberto antes da publicação.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Os autores cedem à revista eletrônica Esboços: histórias em contextos globais (ISSN 2175-7976) os direitos exclusivos de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0).
- Essa licença permite que terceiros final remixem, adaptem e criem a partir do trabalho publicado desde que atribua o devido crédito de autoria e publicação inicial neste periódico.
- Os autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada neste periódico (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional, em site pessoal, publicar uma tradução ou como capítulo de livro).
Esta obra está licenciada com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.
