A nação e a arena internacional: desafios climáticos globais
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5007/1677-2954.2017v16n1p83Resumo
Discussões sobre moralidade e justiça no campo internacional frequentemente, quando rejeitam a teoria realista, acabam adotando duas posições gerais possíveis: comunitaristas ou cosmopolitas. Cada qual prioriza diferentes modos de interpretação de direitos e obrigações e possuem variantes. Para a discussão aqui proposta, perceber em que medida a soberania nacional se faz valer de alguns pressupostos importantes da perspectiva comunitarista que, aqui alocada, chamaremos de defensores do estado-nação, é fundamental para compreender o modo como o estado-nação vem sendo destacado como o ator primordial das discussões no âmbito internacional. Para tal, procuraremos situar essa perspectiva em dois momentos. Ambas terão como fio condutor a leitura de um dos maiores defensores dessa perspectiva nos debates atuais sobre o tema, David Miller. No primeiro momento será analisada a obra “On Nationality” e, posteriormente, “National Responsibility and Global Justice” de modo que seja possível identificarmos mais profundamente o conceito de nacionalidade defendido por Miller e como ele se apresenta diante dos desafios globais atuais, seus avanços e também limites.
Referências
BARRY, C.; POGGE, T. (org.). Global Institutions and Responsibilities: Achieving Global Justice. Blackwell Publishing. 2005.
BARRY, J. Statism and Nationalism: A cosmopolitan Critique. In: SHAPIRO, I.; BRILMAYER, L. (org.), Global Justice. New York University Press. 1999. p. 12-66.
BAUDRILLARD, J. A Sociedade do Consumo. Edições 70. 2011.
BAUMERT, K.A.; HERZOG, T.; PERSHING, J. Navigating the numbers: greenhouse gas data and international climate policy. World Resources Institute. 2005.
BODEN, T. MARLAND, G. ANDRES, B. World’s countries ranked: total fossil-fuel CO2 emissions. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2006. Em: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/tre_coun.html (Acessado em 01 de Fevereiro de 2014)
BUCHANAN, A. Justice, Legitimacy, and Self-Determination: Moral Foundations for International Law. Oxford University Press. 2007.
CANEY, S. Cosmopolitan justice, responsibility, and global climate change. Leiden Journal of International Law, 18. 2005a. p. 747-75.
___. Cosmopolitan justice, rights and global climate change. Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, 19/2. 2005b. p. 255-78 [Lexis Nexis Academic:paras 1-57].
DOWER, N.. Sustainability and the right to development. In: ATTFIELD, R.; WILKINS, B. (org.), International Justice and the Third World. , London: Routledge. 1992. p. 93-116.
___. World ethics. In: CHADWICK, R., Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics. San Diego: Academic Press. 1997. p. 561-70.
ELLIOTT, L. Cosmopolitan environmental harm conventions. Global Society, 20/3 (July). 2006. p. 345 -63.
___. Transnational environmental harm, inequity and the cosmopolitan response. In: DAUVERGE, P. (org.), Handbook of Global Environmental Politics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. 2005. p. 486-501.
FAO. Food and Agricultural Organisation, Livestock's Long Shadow. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation. 2007. http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701eOO.htm.
___. Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock: A global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. 2013. Em: http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3437e/i3437e.pdf. (Acessado em 26 de Dezembro, 2013).
GLOBAL CARBON PROJECT. Carbon budget and trends 2007, 26 September. 2008. http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbontrends/index.htm.
HARRIS, P. Ethics And Global Environmental Policy: Cosmopolitan Conceptions of Climate Change . ebook isbn 978 0 85793 161 0, 2011
___. Common but differentiated responsibility: The Kyoto Protocol and United States policy. New York University Environmental Law Journal, 7/1. 1999a. p. 27-48.
IPCC. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. 2007a. http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-syr.htm.
IPCC. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Summary for policymakers. In: IPCC, Climate Change 2007:Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007b. p. 7-22.
IPCC. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Summary for policymakers. In: IPCC, Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007c. p. 1-23.
IPCC. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Summary for policymakers. In: IPCC, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007d. p. 1-18.
IPCC. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2001. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002.
MILLER, D. Social Justice. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1976.
___. National Responsibility and Global Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007.
___. Immigrants, Nations, and Citizenship. Journal of Political Philosophy Special Issue: Philosophy, Politics & Society Volume 16, Issue 4. 2008.
___. On Nationality. Oxford: Oxford Press. 1997.
MILLER, M. A. L. The Third World agenda in environmental politics. In: DORRAJ, M. (org.), The Changing Political Economy of the Third World, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. 1995a.
POGGE, T. Cosmopolitanism and sovereignty. Ethics, 103. 1992. p. 48-75.
SINGER, P. Ética Prática. Martins Fontes. 2006.
___. Um Só Mundo: A Ética da Globalização. Martins Fontes. 2004.
___. Famine, affluence and morality. In: AIKEN, W.; LAFOLLETTE, H. (org.), World Hunger and Morality, Upper Saddle River. NJ: Prentice Hall. 1996. p. 229-43.
___. One World. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2004.
___. Ethics and climate change: A commentary on MacCracken, Toman and Gardiner. Environmental Values, 15/3. 2006. p. 415-22.
UNFCCC. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 1992. http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf.
UNITED NATIONS. Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (A/CONF.48/l4). New York: United Nations. 1972.
___. Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention and Interference Intervention in the Internal Affairs of States (A/RES/36/l03). New York: United Nations. 1981.
___. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (A/CONF.62/122 (1982), annex III). New York: United Nations. 1982.
___. Law of the Sea. New York: United Nations. 1983.
___. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, General Assembly Resolution No. 44/228. New York: United Nations. 1989. p. http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/44/a44r228.htm.
___. Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. New York: United Nations. 1992. http://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cbd-un-en.pdf.
___. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. In: United Nations, Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment Development, vol. I. New York: United Nations Publications. 1993. p. 3-8.
WMO. Climate Knowledge for Action: A Global Framework for Climate Services - Empowering the Most Vulnerable. New York: United Nations. 2001.
WORKING GROUP II OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE. Climate Change 2001. 2001. http://www.grida.no/CLIMATE/IPCC_TAR/wg2/010.htm.
WWF. The Value of Carbon in China. Hong Kong: WWF Hong Kong/Beijing Office. 2008. http://www.wwf.org.hk/eng/pdf/references/pressreleases_hongkong/WWFcarbon_report_FINAL_20080630_ENG.pdf.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
This obra is licensed under a Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0 Internacional