Dimensões de escalas atitudinais parentais acerca do contato com a natureza

Patricia Maria Schubert Peres; Maíra Longhinotti Felippe; Ariane Kuhnen

doi:10.5007/2178-4582.2020.e67153

Authors

Patricia Maria Schubert Peres Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis/SC, Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6163-1717
Maíra Longhinotti Felippe Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis/SC, Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9483-1654
Ariane Kuhnen Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis/SC, Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9635-9306

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5007/2178-4582.2020.e67153

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the internal structure of two parental attitude scales, originally produced in English and then adapted to the Brazilian context. Psychometric properties of the instruments were investigated by means of
internal consistency and principal component analysis, besides the relational study between the attitudinal variables from the application of online questionnaires with 105 parents. In the ‘Parental Attitude toward Nature’, the dimensions found
were ‘aesthetic adherence’, ‘opportunities for contact’ and ‘positive transformation’. In the ‘Parental Attitude toward Child in Nature’, the components were ‘development benefits’, ‘security risks’ and ‘unfavorable repercussions’. Cronbach’s
Alpha Coefficients were satisfactory and the parental attitude was typically positive, although it was disfavored by the perception of child safety risks. It was concluded that the internal structure of the scales corresponded to the theoretical
and empirical expectations found in the literature and analysis of internal consistency among the items provided evidence of reliability of the instruments.

Author Biographies

Patricia Maria Schubert Peres, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis/SC, Brasil

Doutora em Psicologia pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis/SC, Brasil.

Maíra Longhinotti Felippe, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis/SC, Brasil

Departamento de Arquitetura e Urbanismo

Ariane Kuhnen, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis/SC, Brasil

Docente do Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Universidade Federal de Santa
Catarina, Florianópolis/SC, Brasil

References

AARTS, M.-J.; DE VRIES, S. I; VAN OERS, H. A. M.; SCHUIT, A. J. Outdoor play among children in relation to neighborhood characteristics: a cross sectional neighborhood observation study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, v. 9, n. 98, p. 3-11, 2012. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-98. Acesso em: 8 março de 2019.

ÄNGGARD, E. Making use of “nature” in an outdoor preschool: classroom, home and fairyland. Children, Youth and Environments, v. 20, n. 1, p. 4-25, 2010. Disponível em: http://www.buv.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.120149.1358777081!/menu/standard/file/CYE%20Making%20use%20of%20nature.pdf. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

AZIS, F.; SAID, I. The trends and influential factors of children’s use of outdoor environments: a review. Asian Journal of Environment-Behavior Studies, v. 2, n.5, p. 67-80, 2011. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.341. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

BERMAN, M. G.; JONIDES, J.; KAPLAN, S. The cognitive benefits of interacting with nature. Psychological Science, v. 19, n. 12, p. 1207-1212, 2008. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02225.x. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

BERTO, R. Exposure to restorative environments helps restore attention capacity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, v. 25, n. 3, p. 249-259, 2005. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.07.001. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

CZALCZYNSKA-PODOLSKA, M. The impact of playground spatial features on children’s play and activity forms: an evaluation of contemporary playgrounds’ play and social value. Journal of Environmental Psychology, v. 38, n. 0, p. 132-142, 2014. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.01.006. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

DERR, V.; LANCE, K. Biophilic boulder: children´s environments that foster connections to nature. Children, Youth and Environments, v. 22, n. 2, p. 112-143, 2012. Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7721/chilyoutenvi.22.2.0112. Acesso em: 8 de março de 2019.

FJØRTOFT, I.; SAGEIE, J. The natural environment as a playground for children: landscape description and analyses of a natural landscape. Landscape and Urban Planning, v. 48, n. 1-2, p. 83-97, 2000. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00045-1. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

FJØRTOFT, I. Landscape as playscape: the effects of natural environments on children’s play and motor development. Children, Youth and Environments, v. 14, n. 2, p. 21-44, 2004. Disponível em: http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.7721/chilyoutenvi.14.2.0021. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

FYHRI, A.; HJORTHOL, R. Children’s independent mobility to school, friends and leisure activities. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 17, n. 5, p. 377-384; 2009. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2008.10.010. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

GIELEN, A. C.; DEFRANCESCO, S.; BISHAI, D.; MAHONEY, P.; HO, S.; GUYER, B. Child pedestrians: the role of parental beliefs and practices in promoting safe walking in urban neighborhoods. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, v. 81, n. 4, p. 455-555, 2004. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/jth139. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

GRESSLER, S. C.; GÜNTHER, I., A. Ambientes restauradores: definição, histórico, abordagens e pesquisas. Estudos de Psicologia, v. 18, n. 3, p. 487-495, 2013. Disponível em:http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-294X2013000300009. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

HARTIG, T. Issues in restorative environment research: matters of measurement. In: Fernández-Ramírez, B.; Villodres, C. H.; Ferrer, C. M. S., Méndez, M. J. M. (Eds.). Psicologia Ambiental 2011: entre los studios urbanos y el análisis de la sostentenibilidad. Almería: Universidad de Almería y Associación de Psicologia Ambiental, 2011, p. 41-66. Disponível em: http://repositorio.ual.es:8080/bitstream/handle/10835/1001/Psicologiaambiental2011.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=59. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

JANSSON, M. (2008). Children’s perspectives on public playgrounds in two Swedish communities. Children, Youth and Environments, v. 18, n. 2, p. 88-109. Disponível em http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.7721/chilyoutenvi.18.2.0088. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

JOHANSSON, M. Environment and parental factors as determinants of mode for children’s leisure travel. Journal of Environmental Psychology, v. 26, n. 2, p. 156-169, 2006. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.05.005. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

KAPLAN, R. The restorative benefits of nature: toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, v. 15, n. 3, p. 169-18, 1995. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

KORPELA, K.; HARTIG, T. Restorative qualities of favorite places. Journal of Environmental Psychology, v. 16, n. 3, p. 221-233, 1996. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1996.0018. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

KORPELA, K. Place identity as a product of environmental self-regulation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, v. 9, n. 3, p. 241-256, 1989. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(89)80038-6. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

KORPELA, K.; KYTTÄ, M.; HARTIG, T. Restorative experience, self-regulation, and children’s place preferences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, v. 22, n. 4, p 387-398, 2002. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2002.0277. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

KUH, L. P.; PONTE, I.; CHAU, C. The impact of a natural playscape installation on young children’s play behaviors. Children, Youth and Environments, v. 23, n. 2, p. 49-77, 2013. Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7721/chilyoutenvi.23.2.0049. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

KYLIN, M. Children’s dens. Children, Youth and Environments, v. 13, n.1, p. 1-20, 2003. Disponível em https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7721/chilyoutenvi.13.1.0030. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

KYTTÄ, M. Affordances of children’s environments in the context of cities, small towns, suburbs and rural villages in Finland and Belarus. Journal of Environmental Psychology, v. 22, n. 1-2, p. 109-123, 2002. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0249. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

KYTTÄ, M. The extent of children’s independent mobility and the number of actualized affordances as criteria for child-friendly environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, v. 24, n. 2, p. 179-198, 2004. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00073-2. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

LITTLE, H. Relationship between parents’ beliefs and their responses to children’s risk-taking behavior during outdoor play. Journal of Early Childhood Research, v. 8, n.3, p. 315-330, 2010. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X10368587. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

LITTLE, H.; WYVER, S.; GIBSON, F. The influence of play context and adult attitudes on young children's physical risktaking during outdoor play. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, v. 19, n.1, p. 113-131, 2011. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2011.548959. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

LUZ, G. M.; RAYMUNDO, L. S.; KUHNEN, A. (2010). Uso dos espaços urbanos pelas crianças: uma revisão. Psicologia: Teoria e Prática, v. 12, n. 3, p. 172-184. Disponível em http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S151636872010000300014. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

MALLER, C. J.; HENDERSON-WILSON, C.; TOWNSEND, M. (2009). Rediscovering nature in everyday settings: or how to create healthy environments and health people. Ecohealth, v. 6, n. 4, p. 553-556. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-010-0282-5. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

MALONE, K.; TRANTER, P. (2003). Children’s environmental learning and the use, design and management of schoolgrounds. Children, Youth and Environments, v. 13, n. 2, p. 1-45. Disponível em: http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.7721/chilyoutenvi.13.2.0087. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

MCFARLAND, A. L. Growing minds: the relationship between parental attitude about nature and the development of fine and gross motor skills in children. 2011. 127f. Tese (Doutorado em Horticultura)—Programa de Pós-Graduação em Horticultura, Texas A & M University, Texas. 2011. Disponível em: http://hdl.handle.net /1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-05-9067. Acesso em 8 de março 2019.

MCFARLAND, A. L.; HAMMOND, D. E.; ZAJICEK, J. M.; WALICZEK, T. M. Growing minds: the development of an instrument to measure parental attitude toward nature and their child’s outdoor recreation. Hortechnology, v. 21, n. 2, p. 225-229, 2011. Disponível em: http://horttech.ashspublications.org/content/21/2/225.full.pdf+html. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

MCFARLAND, A. L.; ZAJICEK, J. M.; WALICZEK, T. M. The Relationship between Parental Attitudes toward Nature and the Amount of Time Children Spend in Outdoor Recreation. Journal of Leisure Research, v. 46, n. 5, p. 525, 2014. Disponível em:mdoi.org/10.1080/00222216.2014.11950341. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

MIN, B; LEE, J. (2006). Children’s neighborhood place as psychological and behavior domain. Journal of Environmental Psychology, v. 26, n. 1, p. 51-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.04.003. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

NEIVA, E. R. & MAURO, T. G. Atitudes e mudança de atitude. In: Torres, C. V. & Neiva, E. R. (Orgs), Psicologia social: principais temas e vertentes. São Paulo: Artmed, 2011, p. 169-201.

PREZZA, M.; ALPARONE, F. R.; CRISTALLO, C.; SECCHIANO, L. Parental perception of social risk and of positive potentiality of outdoor autonomy for children: the development of two instruments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, v. 25, n. 4, v. 437-453, 2005. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.04.003. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

PREZZA, M.; PILLONI, S.; MORABITO, C.; SERSANTE, C.; ALPARONE, F. R.; GIULIANI, M. V. The influence of psychosocial and environmental factors on children's independent mobility and relationship to peer frequentation. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, v. 11, n. 6, p. 435-450. 2001. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.643. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

SARGISSON, R. J.; MCLEAN, I. G. Children’s use of nature in New Zealand playgrounds. Children, Youth and Environments, v. 22, n. 2, p. 144-163. 2012. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7721/chilyoutenvi.22.2.0144. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

SCHÄFFER, S. D.; KISTEMANN, T. Reconceptualizing school design: learning environments for children and youth. Children, Youth and Environments, v. 22, n. 1, p. 270-279, 2012. Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7721/chilyoutenvi.22.1.0011. Acesso em: 8 de março de 2019.

SOORI, H.; BHOPAL, R. S. Parental permission for children’s independent outdoor activities. European Journal of Public Health, v. 12(2), 104-109, 2002. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/12.2.104. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

TAYLOR, A. F.; KUO, F. E.; SULLIVAN, W. C. Coping with AD: the surprising connection to green play settings. Environment & Behavior, v. 33, n. 1, p. 54-77, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1177/00139160121972864. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

TIMPERIO, A.; CRAWFORD, D.; TELFORD, A.; SALMON, J. Perceptions about the local neighborhood and walking and cycling among children. Preventive Medicine, v. 38, n. 1, p. 39-47. 2004. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.09.026. Acesso em: 8 março de 2019.

ULRICH, R.S.; SIMONS, R. F.; LOSITO, B. D.; FIORITO, E.; MILES, M. A.; ZELSON, M. Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, v. 11, n. 3, p. 201-230, 1991. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80184-7. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN´S FUND (UNICEF). Situação mundial da infância 2012: crianças em um mundo urbano. Nova York: UNICEF. (2012). Disponível em: https://www.unicef.org/sowc2012/. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

VALENTINE, G.; MCKENDRICK, J. Children's outdoor play: exploring parental concerns about children's safety and the changing nature of childhood. Geoforum, v. 28, n. 2, p. 219-235, 1997. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7185(97)00010-9. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.

VAN DEN BERG, A. E.; KOOLE, S. L.; VEN DER WULP, N. Y. Environmental preference and restoration: (how) are they related? Journal of Environmental Psychology, v. 23, n. 2, p. 135-146, 2003. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00111-1. Acesso em: 8 março de 2019.

VEITCH, J.; BAGLEY, S.; BALL, K.; SALMON, J. Where do children usually play? A qualitative study of parents’ perceptions of influences on children’s active free-play. Health & Place, v. 12, n. 4, p. 383-393, 2006. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.02.009. Acesso em: 8 de março 2019.