O middle ground

Autores

  • Richard White Stanford University, Department of History, Stanford, California, CA, Estados Unidos da América

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7976.2020.e74818

Resumo

Na região dos Grandes Lagos da América do Norte de meados do século XVII a meados do XVIII, nativos algonquinos e agentes coloniais franceses interagiram em meio ao complexo processo de contato colonial. As condições de existência naquele espaço impeliam algonquinos e franceses a um apoio recíproco para se atingir objetivos específicos. Isso ocorria de tal modo que eles produziram concepções comuns de adequados modos de agir, isto é, aquilo que denominamos de middle ground. A necessidade inevitável de comunicação nos termos do outro gerou um processo de oportunos e criativos mal-entendidos mútuos, os quais produziam novos conteúdos culturais que, ao se tornarem convenções entre as partes envolvidas, se transformavam num novo referencial que orientou as ações dos sujeitos históricos. A abordagem teórica desse conceito é discutida nesse texto por meio da análise das relações cotidianas nas quais algonquinos e franceses produziram essa zona de inteligibilidade mútua. As congruências culturais, que deram forma ao middle ground, eram respostas a problemas e controvérsias que giravam em torno de questões como sexo, violência e comércio. A análise das medidas tomadas nesses campos relacionais expõe que os conteúdos híbridos surgiam de reiteradas tentativas de se encontrar conexões entre os referenciais normativos franceses e costumes algonquinos. As respostas produzidas nessas situações não se configuravam como noções exclusivamente francesas ou algonquinas, mas como improvisações e criações emergidas em pontos onde as culturas se cruzavam e promoviam uma zona cultural intermediária em que as expectativas de cada lado poderiam encontrar um grau aceitável de satisfação.

Referências

ACCOUNT of Detroit, Sept. 25, 1702. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis. The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33, p. 137-138, 147.

ANDERSON, Gary C. Kinsmen of Another Kind: Dakota-White Relations in the Upper Mississippi Valley, 1680-1862. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984.

BAUXAR, J. Joe. The Historic Period. In: BLUHM, Elaine (ed.). Illinois Archaeology Bulletin, Illinois Archaeological Survey, Urbana. Carbondale, III: Southern Illinois University Press, n.1, 1959. p. 40-58.

BIENVILLE e Salmon au Ministre, 16 mai. 1735, Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], C13A, v.20, f. 85.

BLASINGHAM, Emily J. The Depopulation of the Illinois Indians, Part I. Ethnohistory, Durham, v. 3, n. 3, p. 192-224, verão 1956a.

BLASINGHAM, Emily J. The Depopulation of the Illinois Indians, Part II. Ethnohistory, Durham, v. 3, n. 4, p. 361-412, outono 1956b.

BROWN, Jennifer S. Strangers in the Blood: Fur Trade Company Families in Indian Country. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1980.

CADILLAC, Account of Detroit, Sept. 25, 1702. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 143.

CADILLAC to minister, 18 Oct. 1700. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 189.

CADILLAC to vaudreuil (copy made), Oct. I, 1707. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis. The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 351-352.

CALLIÉRES au ministre, 15 oct. 1694, Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], C11A, v.15, 1694.

CALLIÉRES au ministre, 20 oct. 1696, Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], C11A, v.14, f. 216-17, 1696

CALLIERES et de champigny au ministre, 18 oct. 1700, Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], C11A, v.18, 1700.

CHAMPIGNY au ministre, 4 nov. 1693, Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], C11A, v. 12 [volume 12], 1693.

CHAMPIGNY memoir, 10 mai 1691, Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], C11A, v. 11, 1691.

CHARLEVOIX, Pierre de. Journal of a Voyage to North America. London: R. & J. Dodsley, 1761, Readex microprint facsimile ed., 1966.

CHEFS du villages..., 17 juin 1793. Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], F3, v. 24, f. 157, Moreau St. Mery, 1793.

COMMERCE du castor... 1696, Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], C11A, v.14, 1696.

COUNCIL held at detroit, Aug. 6, 1707, Aug. 8, 1707. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 331-334.

COUNCIL held at Detroit, Aug. 6, 1707, Speech of Cadillac. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 332.

COUNCIL held at Detroit, Replies of Otontagan, Aug. 6, 1707, Seventh Council, Speech of Onaske. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 332-333, 335-336.

COUNCIL held at Detroit, Aug. 7, 1707, Aug. 9, 1707. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 333-335.

COX, Isaac J. The Journeys of Robert Cavelierde La Salle. New York: A. S. Barnes, 2 v., 1905.

CURTIN. Philip D. Cross-cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

DE CHENE. Habitants et Marchands de Montréal au xvii siècle. Paris: Libraire PIon, 1974.

DE GANNES (Deliette) Memoir. Illinois Historical Collections, Volume 23. French Series, Volume I: The French Foundations, 1680-1693. In: PEASE, Theodore C.; WERNER, Raymond C. (ed.). The French Foundations, 1680-1693. Springfield, Ill.: The Trustees Of The Illinois State Historical Library, 1934. p. 302-396.

DECLARATION de Henri de Tonti, 11 avril 1694, Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], C13A, Louisiana, v.1, f. 27, 1694.

DELIETTE to Lignery, Oct. 15, 1726. In: DRAPER, Lyman C; THWAITES, Reuben, G. (ed.). Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin [WHC]. Madison, Wis.: The Society, 1855-1911, v. 17. p. 18.

DENONVILLE à Seignelay, 13 nov. 1685, Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], C11A, v. 7, 1685.

DENONVILLE au Ministre, aug. 1688, Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], C11A, v. 10 f. 66, 1688.

DENONVILLE à Seignelay, Jan. 1690. In: DOCUMENTS relative to the colonial history of the state of New-York: procured in Holland, England, and France / by John Romeyn Brodhead; edited by F.B. O’Callaghan with a general introduction by the agent. Albany: Weed, Parsons, 1853-1887.

DICKASON, Olive P. The Myth of the Savage and the Beginnings of French Colonialism in the Americas. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1984.

DICKASON, Olive. From One Nation in the Northeast to New Nation in the Northwest: A Look at the Emergence of the Metis. In: PETERSON, Jacqueline; BROWN, Jennifer S. H. The New Peoples: Being and Becoming Metis in North America. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985. p. 19-36.

DRAPER, Lyman C; THWAITES, Reuben, G. (ed.). Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Madison, Wis.: The Society, 1855-1911.

DUCHESNEAU to M. de Seignelay. In: DOCUMENTS relative to the colonial history of the state of New-York: procured in Holland, England, and France / by John Romeyn Brodhead; edited by F.B. O’Callaghan with a general introduction by the agent. Albany: Weed, Parsons, 1853-1887.

DULHUT, April 12, 1684 [DULHUT’S LETTER]. In: DRAPER, Lyman C; THWAITES, Reuben, G. (ed.). Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin [WHC]. Madison, Wis.: The Society, 1855-1911, v. 16. p. 120.

DURANTAYE à A. de la Barre, 11 avril 1684. Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], C11A, v. 6, f. 1521-1522.

ECCLES, W. J. The Canadian Frontier. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1974.

ENGAGEMENT of Viau to La Forest and Tonti, Sept. 11, 1693. Illinois Historical Collections, Volume 23. French Series, Volume I: The French Foundations, 1680-1693. In: PEASE, Theodore C.; WERNER, Raymond C. (ed.). The French Foundations, 1680-1693. Springfield, Ill: The Trustees of The Illinois State Historical Library, 1934, v. 23. p. 273-275.

GIDDENS, Anthony. A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.

GIDDENS, Anthony. Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.

GIDDENS, Anthony. Critique of Historical Materialism; and The Constitution of Society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

GOOD, Mary Elizabeth. The Guebert Site: An Eighteenth-Century Historic Kaskaskia Indian Village in Randolph County. Central States Archaeological Societies Memoir, Illinois, v. 2, 1972.

GRENIER, Fernand (ed.). Papiers Contrecoeur, et autres documents concernant Ie conflit anglo-franfais sur l’Ohio de 1745 à 1756. Quebec: Les presses universitaires, Laval, 1952.

INSTRUCTIONS to D’Aigremont, June 30, 1707. In: DRAPER, Lyman C; THWAITES, Reuben, G. (ed.). Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin [WHC]. Madison, Wis.: The Society, 1855-1911, v. 16. p. 243.

JAENEN Cornelius. Friend and Foe: Aspects of French-Amerindian Cultural Contact in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. New York: Columbia University Press, 1976.

JAENEN, Cornelius. Les Sauvages Ameriquians: Persistence into the Eighteenth Century of Traditional French Concepts and Constructs for Comprehending Amerindians. Ethnohistory, Durham, v. 29, n. 1, p. 43-56, 1982.

JENNINGS Francis. The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire. New York: W. W. Norton, 1984.

KEHOE, Alice. The Shackles of Tradition. In: ALBERS, Patricia; MEDICINE, Beatrice. The Hidden Half: Studies of Plains Indian Women. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1983. p. 53- 73.

KELLOGG, Louise P. (ed.), Early Narratives of the Northwest, 1634-1699. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1917.

KINIETZ, W. Vernon. The Indians of the Western Great Lakes. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1965.

KUPPERMAN, Karen Ordahl. Settling with the Indians: The Meeting of English and Indian Cultures in America, 1580-1640. Totowa, N. J.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1980.

LA SALLE on the Illinois Country. Illinois Historical Collections, Volume 23. French Series, Volume I: The French Foundations, 1680-1693. In: PEASE, Theodore C.; WERNER, Raymond C. (ed.). The French Foundations, 1680-1693. Springfield, Ill.: The Trustees of The Illinois State Historical Library, 1934, p. 1-16.

LAFITAU, Joseph-François. Customs of the American Indians Compared with the Customs of Primitive Times. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1924-77.

LANE, Frederic. Venice and History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966.

LE CLERCQ, Chretien. The First Establishment of the Faith in New France. New York: J. G. Shea, 2 v., 1881.

LE ROY, Claude Charles [Sieur de Bacqueville de la Potherie]. History of the Savage Peoples Who Are the Allies of New France. In: BLAIR, Emma Helen. The Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi Valley and Region of the Great Lakes. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, v. 2, 1912. p. 13-136.

LOUIS XIV to De La Barre, July 21, 1684. In: DOCUMENTARY History of the State of New York [DHNY], edited by E. B. O’Callaghan. Albany, N.Y.: Weed, Parsons, 1850-1851, v.1, p. 108-109.

MAREST [Fr.] to Vaudreuil, Aug. 14, 1706. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 262-269.

MAREST [Father] to Vaudreuil, Aug. 16, 1706, and Aug. 27, 1706. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 262-271.

MAREST [Father] to Vaudreuil, Aug. 27, 1706. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 271.

MAREST [Father] to Vaudreuil, June 4, 1708. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 383-387.

MAREST [Father] to Vaudreuil, Aug. 14, 1706. In: DRAPER, Lyman C; THWAITES, Reuben, G. (ed.). Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin [WHC]. Madison, Wis.: The Society, 1855-1911. v. 16, p. 232-234.

MARGRY, Pierre. Decouvertes et etablissements des Français... de l’Amerique Septentrionale, 1614-1698. Paris: Maisonneuve et Cie, 1879, repr. New York, AMS, 6 v., 1974.

MARIAGE des francais avec les sauvagesses, 1 sept. 1716, Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], C13A, v.4, f. 255 , 1716.

MEMOIRE... Denonville, aoust 1688, Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], C11A, v. 10, f. 765-66, 1688.

MEMOIRE sur le ferme..., 10 fev. 1696, Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], C11A, v. 16, 1696.

MEMOIRE touchant l’yvrognerie des sauvages, 1693, Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)] C11A, v. 12, f. 384, 1693.

MEMOIRE concernant les Illinois, 1732, Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)] F3, v. 24, 1732.

MEMORANDUM of... Cadillac, 19 Nov. 1704. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 234.

MERENESS, Newton D. Travels in the American Colonies. New York: Macmillan Company, 1916.

NARRATIVE of… Occurrences… In: DOCUMENTS relative to the colonial history of the state of New-York: procured in Holland, England, and France / by John Romeyn Brodhead; edited by F.B. O’Callaghan with a general introduction by the agent. Albany: Weed, Parsons, 1853-1887, v. 9. p. 594-632.

NARRATIVE... Occurrences… In: DOCUMENTS relative to the colonial history of the state of New-York: procured in Holland, England, and France / by John Romeyn Brodhead; edited by F.B. O’Callaghan with a general introduction by the agent. Albany: Weed, Parsons, 1853-1887, v. 9, p. 513-526.

NOUVEL [Pere] à M. de La Barre, 23 avril 1684. Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)] C11A, v. 6 , f. 523 , 1684.

ORDONNANCE du M. Ie Comte de Frontenac pour la traite et commerce du outaouacs ... 8 avril 1690 (avec remarques faites par I’intendant), Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], F3, v. 6, f. 366, 1690.

PALM, Mary Borgian. The Jesuit Missions of the Illinois Country (1673- 1763). Ph.D. diss., St. Louis University, Cleveland, privately printed, Sisters of Notre Dame, 1931.

PAROLLES des sauvages..., Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], Archives Coloniales, F3, v.8, f. 136-141.

PAROLLES de Chachagouesse... chez Illinois de 20 aou 1712. Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], C11A, v. 33, 1712.

PENICAULT, André. Fleur de Lys and Calumet: Being the Penicault Narrative of French Adventure in Louisiana. Ed. Richebourg Gaillard McWilliams. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1953.

PERROT, Nicolas. Memoir on the Manners, Customs, and Religion of the Savages of North America. In: BLAIR, Emma Helen (ed.). The Indian Tribes of the Upper Mississippi Valley and Region of the Great Lakes. 2 vols. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1912. p. 23-272.

PETERSON, Jacqueline. Prelude to Red River: A Social Portrait of the Great Lakes Metis. Ethnohistory, Durham, v. 25, n. 1, p. 41-68, 1978.

QUAIFE Milo (ed.). The Western Country in the Seventeenth Century: The Memoirs of Lanothe Cadillac and Pierre Liette. Chicago: Lakeside Press, 1917.

RAISONS qu’on a proposée a la Cour, 1687?. Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], C11A, v. 15, f. 271, 1687.

RAUDOT and De Gannes (Deliette) Memoir. Illinois Historical Collections, Volume 23. French Series, Volume I: The French Foundations, 1680-1693. In: PEASE, Theodore C.; WERNER, Raymond C.(ed.) The French Foundations, 1680-1693. Springfield, Ill.: The Trustees Of The Illinois State Historical Library, 1934, p. 328.

REID, John Phillip. A Law of Blood: The Primitive Law of the Cherokee Nation. New York: New York University Press, 1970.

REMIS par M. Diron, Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], C13A, v. 7, f. 322.

REPLY of Vaudreuil to Miscouaky, nov. 4, 1706. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33, p. 295.

REPORT of D’Aigremont. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 426-452.

REPORT of D’Aigremont, nov. 14, 1708. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33, p. 937-940.

SAGARD, Father Gabriel. The Long Journey to the Country of the Hurons. Toronto: Champlain Society 1939 [facsimile ed., Greenwood Press].

SAHLINS, Marshall. Islands of History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.

SCHLARMAN, J. H. From Quebec to New Orleans: Fort De Chartres. Belleville, III: Beuchler, 1929.

SPEECH of Miscouaky, Sept. 26, 1706. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 288-292.

SPEECH of Miscouaky... to Marquis de Vaudreuil, Sept. 26, 1706, Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 288-296.

SPEECHES of Ottawas... 24 Sept. 1703. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 223-225.

SPEECHES of Three Indians from Michilmackina (sic) Oct. 7, 1707, Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 362-365.

SHEEHAN, Bernard. Savagism and Civility: Indians and Englishmen in Colonial America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.

SHELDON, E. M. The Early History of Michigan from the First Settlement to 1815. New York: A. S. Barnes, 1956.

St. ANGE au Ministre, n.d., 1733. Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], C13A, v. 17, f. 248, 1733.

STURTERVANT, William C (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1978-.

TALK between Marquis de Vaudreuil and Onaskin..., Aug. 1, 1707. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 258-262.

THWAITES, Reuben Gold (ed.). New Voyage to North America by the Baron de Lahontan. Chicago: A. C. McClury, 2 v., 1905.

THWAITES, Reuben Gold (ed.). Father Louis Hennepins A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America (facsimile ed., Toronto: Coles, 1974, repro ed. of 1903 ed.).

THWAITES, Reuben Gold (ed.). The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents. Cleveland, Ohio: Burrows Brothers, 1898-1901.

UNITITLED memoire (Par tout ce qui...). Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], C11A, v. 17, f. 193.

VAN KIRK, Sylvia. Many Tender Ties: Women in Fur-Trade Society, 1670-1870. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980.

VAUDREUIL and Raudot to Minister, Nov. 14, 1709, Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 454.

VAUDREUIL and Raudot to Minister, Nov. 14, 1709, Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 403-405, 408.

VAUDREUIL to Minister, May 5, 1705. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 242.

VAUDREUIL to Minister, July 24, 1707. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 328-330.

VAUDREUIL to Minister, Oct. 1, 1707. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 350-358.

VAUDREUIL to Minister, Nov. 12, 1707. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 371-372.

VAUDREUIL’s comments on Cadillac’s letter of Aug. 27, 1706. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: Madison, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 282.

VAUDREUIL [De] to Minister, Nov. 5, 1708. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 395-399.

VAUDREUIL to de Pontchartrain, Nov. 4, 1706, Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 16. p. 242.

VAUDREUIL au Cadillac, 10 juin 1706. Archives Nationales [Paris (Fr)], Moreau St. Mery, F3, v.7, f. 308, 1706.

WAGNER, Roy. The Invention of Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.

WEIST, Katherine. Beasts of Burden and Menial Slaves: Nineteenth-Century Observations of Northern Plains Indian Women. In: ALBERS, Patricia; MEDICINE, Beatrice. The Hidden Half: Studies of Plains Indian Women. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1983. p. 29- 52.

WOLF, Eric. Europe and the People without History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.

WORDS of Ottawa to Cadillac, Sept. 24, 1707. Michigan Pioneer Historical [MPHC]. In: MADISON, Wis.: The Society. Society: Collections and Researches. Lansing, Mich.: State of New York, edited by The Society, 1877-1929, v. 33. p. 346-350.

Downloads

Publicado

2021-01-15

Como Citar

White, R. (2021). O middle ground. Esboços: Histórias Em Contextos Globais, 27(46), 554–602. https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7976.2020.e74818

Edição

Seção

Tradução