A Ciceronian Defense of Democratic Participation

Xinzhi  Zhao

doi:10.5007/2175-7984.2021.e78929

Autores

Xinzhi Zhao UW-Madison

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7984.2021.e78929

Resumo

Ao contrário da habitual apresentação elitista de Cícero, identifico três argumentos a favor da participação democrática no De re publica e De legibus. O primeiro compreende a participação democrática como uma exigência do povo comum, que resulta do seu desejo intransigente de liberdade e deve ser satisfeita para evitar a agitação civil. O segundo a vê como um instrumento para diminuir a probabilidade de corrupção das elites. O terceiro incorpora as duas anteriores sob uma narrativa da legitimidade do Estado, argumentando que a participação democrática é justa porque, sem ela, a comunidade cívica sob o governo de um Estado não pode ser uma parceria e, portanto, o Estado não pode ser legítimo como uma propriedade comum do povo. Eu defendo que esta noção da legitimidade do Estado difere daquela do republicanismo de Pettit e pode ajudar a esclarecer o compromisso normativo com a natureza pública do Estado que está subjacente às atuais defesas “realistas” e “instrumentais” da democracia.

Referências

ACHEN, Christopher H., and Larry M. Bartels. Democracy for Realists. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2016.

ARENA, Valentina. Libertas and Practice of Politics in the Late Roman Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.

ASMIS, Elizabeth. “A New Kind of Model: Cicero’s Roman Constitution in De Republica.” American Journal of Philology 126, no. 3 (2005): 377–416.

ASMIS, Elizabeth. “The State as a Partnership: Cicero’s Definition of Res Publica in His Work On the State.” History of Political Thought XXV, no. 4 (2004): 569–99.

ATKINS, Jed W. Cicero on Politics and the Limits of Reason: The Republic and Laws. Cambridge Classical Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

ATKINS, Jed W. Roman Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.

BAGG, Samuel. “The Power of the Multitude: Answering Epistemic Challenges to Democracy.” American Political Science Review 112, no. 4 (November 2018): 891–904.

BALOT, Ryan. “The ‘Mixed Regime’ in Aristotle’s Politics.” In Aristotle’s Politics: A Critical Guide, edited by Thanassis Samaras and Thornton Lockwood, 103–22. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

BELL, D. A. The China Model: Political Meritocracy and the Limits of Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015.

BRENNAN, Jason. Against Democracy. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2016.

CICERO, Marcus T. Cicero: De Re Publica, De Legibus. Translated by Clinton Walker Keyes. London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1928.

CICERO, M. T. On the Ideal Orator. Tradução de J. M. May; J. Wisse. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

CICERO, Marcus T. On the Republic and On the Laws. Translated by David Fott. Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 2014.

FREDE, Dorothea. “Constitution and Citizenship: Peripatetic Influence on Cicero’s Political Conceptions in the De Re Publica.” In Cicero’s Knowledge of The Peripatos, edited by William W. Fortenbaugh and Peter Steinmetz, 77–100. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1989.

HAMMER, Dean. Roman Political Thought: From Cicero to Augustine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.

LINDBERG, S. I.; COPPEDGE, M.; GERRING, J.; TEORELL, J. V-Dem: A New Way to Measure Democracy. Journal of Democracy, v. 25, n. 3, p. 159-169, out. 2014.

PETTIT, Philip. On the People’s Terms: A Republican Theory and Model of Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

PETTIT, Philip. Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

SAMARAS, Thanassis. “Aristotle and the Question of Citizenship.” In Aristotle’s Politics: A Critical Guide, edited by Thanassis Samaras and Thornton Lockwood, 123–41. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

SCHOFIELD, M. Cicero’s Definition of Res Publica. In: Powell, J. G. F. (ed.), Cicero the Philosopher. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. p. 63–83.

SCHÜTRUMPF, Eckart. “Little to Do with Justice: Aristotle on Distributing Political Power.” In Aristotle’s Politics: A Critical Guide, edited by Thanassis Samaras and Thornton Lockwood, 163–83. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

TATUM, W. J. Roman Democracy? In: BALOT, R.K. (org.) A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009. p. 246-259.

TUCK, Richard. Philosophy and Government 1572–1651. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

URBINATI, N. Competing for Liberty: The Republican Critique of Democracy. American Political Science Review, v. 106, n. 3, p. 607-21, out. 2012.

WOOD, Neal. Cicero’s Social and Political Thought. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.