Determination of heart rate threshold from heart rate kinetics during maximal graded exercise in soccer players
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-0037.2019v21e57829Abstract
The main of the present study was to identify the heart rate threshold based on heart rate kinetics during graded maximal exercise in football players. Twenty-six male football players performed a maximal exercise test (Bruce protocol) on a motor-driven treadmill. Oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were monitored, recorded and resampled at 3.5Hz. The ventilatory threshold (VT), and respiratory compensation (RC), heart rate deflection points (HRDP1 and HRDP2) and heart rate kinetics threshold (HRT) were determined by computerized methods. The heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed in the frequency domain. The HRT averaged 89.9 ± 1.2 % of the VO2 peak. The HRT showed poor correlations and significant differences compared with HRDP1 (r = 0.46) and VT (r = 0.51), but was not different from, and highly correlated with, HRDP2 (0.98) and RC (0.90). Bland Altman plots showed all athletes into 95% of limits of agreement, and intraclass correlation coefficient showed good agreements between points obtained from HRT compared with HRDP2 (0.96) and RC (0.98). The HRT was highly correlated with HRDP2 and RC, suggesting it could be a marker for cardiorespiratory fatigue.
References
Wasserman K, McIlroy MB. Detecting the Threshold of Anaerobic Metabolism in Cardiac Patients during Exercise. Am J Cardiol 1964;14:844-52.
Weston SB, Gabbett TJ. Reproducibility of ventilation of thresholds in trained cyclists during ramp cycle exercise. J Sci Med Sport 2001;4(3):357-66.
Barstow TJ, Casaburi R, Wasserman K. O2 uptake kinetics and the O2 deficit as related to exercise intensity and blood lactate. J Appl Physiol 1993;75(2):755-62.
Barstow TJ, Jones AM, Nguyen PH, Casaburi R. Influence of muscle fiber type and pedal frequency on oxygen uptake kinetics of heavy exercise. J Appl Physiol 1996;81(4):1642-50.
Conconi F, Ferrari M, Ziglio PG, Droghetti P, Codeca L. Determination of the anaerobic threshold by a noninvasive field test in runners. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1982;52(4):869-73.
Sietsema KE, Ben-Dov I, Zhang YY, Sullivan C, Wasserman K. Dynamics of oxygen uptake for submaximal exercise and recovery in patients with chronic heart failure. Chest 1994;105(6):1693-700.
Marques-Neto SR, Maior AS, Maranhao Neto GA, Santos EL. Analysis of heart rate deflection points to predict the anaerobic threshold by a computerized method. J Strength Cond Res 2012;26(7):1967-74.
Guilhem G, Dorel S, Hug F. Effects of a prior short simulated training session on the subsequent occurrence of ventilatory thresholds. J Sci Med Sport 2009;12(2):273-9.
Bruce RA, Kusumi F, Hosmer D. Maximal oxygen intake and nomographic assessment of functional aerobic impairment in cardiovascular disease. Am heart J 1973;85(4):546-62.
Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986;1(8476):307-10.
Fell JW. The modified D-max is a valid lactate threshold measurement in veteran cyclists. J Sci Med Sport 2008;11(5):460-3.
Santos EL, Novaes JS, Reis VM, Giannella-Neto A. Low sampling rates bias outcomes from the Wingate test. Int J Sports Med 2010;31(11):784-9.
Gledhill N, Cox D, Jamnik R. Endurance athletes' stroke volume does not plateau: major advantage is diastolic function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994;26(9):1116-21.
Pokan R, Hofmann P, von Duvillard SP, Beaufort F, Smekal G, Gasser R, et al. The heart rate performance curve and left ventricular function during exercise in patients after myocardial infarction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30(10):1475-80.
Conconi F, Grazzi G, Casoni I, Guglielmini C, Borsetto C, Ballarin E, et al. The Conconi test: methodology after 12 years of application. Int J Sports Med 1996;17(7):509-19.
Barstow TJ, Buchthal S, Zanconato S, Cooper DM. Muscle energetics and pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics during moderate exercise. J Appl Physiol 1994;77(4):1742-9.
Faisal A, Beavers KR, Robertson AD, Hughson RL. Prior moderate and heavy exercise accelerate oxygen uptake and cardiac output kinetics in endurance athletes. J Appl Physiol 2009;106(5):1553-63.
Wasserman K, Whipp BJ, Koyl SN, Beaver WL. Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1973;35(2):236-43.
Perlini S, Solda PL, Piepoli M, Sala-Gallini G, Calciati A, Finardi G, et al. Determinants of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in the vagotomized rabbit. Am J Physiol 1995;269(3 Pt 2):H909-15.
Cottin F, Lepretre PM, Lopes P, Papelier Y, Medigue C, Billat V. Assessment of ventilatory thresholds from heart rate variability in well-trained subjects during cycling. Int J Sports Med 2006;27(12):959-67.
Pichon AP, de Bisschop C, Roulaud M, Denjean A, Papelier Y. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability during exercise in trained subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36(10):1702-8.
Blain G, Meste O, Bouchard T, Bermon S. Assessment of ventilatory thresholds during graded and maximal exercise test using time varying analysis of respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Br J Sports Med 2005;39(7):448-52.
