Maturation, morphological, motor and technical characteristics of under 16 female track and field athletes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-0037.2020v22e68128Abstract
There is growing interest in identifying morphological, motor, maturation characteristics, as well as their changes, of children and adolescents in systematized training in various sports. Knowledge of these characteristics is important for coaches and researchers because they provide parameters for assessing youth development during training. For track and field, studies on the category under 16 are scarce. Thus, the objectives of this study are to describe the profile and to design a percentile table of morphological, motor, maturation and event-specific variables of under 16 athletes. 105 young athletes were evaluated on two consecutive days. On the first day, an anamnesis of athletes and coaches was performed. Anthropometric and anaerobic measurements were analyzed in shot put, long jump, 800 m run. On the second day, flexibility, vertical impulse, upper limb strength, speed and maximal aerobic speed were evaluated. The biological maturation was evaluated by the percentage of the predicted height. A table with percentiles was prepared with the data of all athletes. Another table with the results of the whole group plus mean and standard deviation was prepared. A last table was prepared containing data divided by group of sports events. The morphological variables presented differences between the groups as to body mass, BMI and sum of skinfolds. Significant differences were observed only for the motor variable VMA. No significant differences were observed only for long jump. When divided by groups, it was evident that throwers are different from the other athletes in some morphologic variables and in specific sports events.
References
O’Connor H, Olds T, Maughan RJ. Physique and performance for track and field events. Journal of Sports Sciences 2007; 25: S49–S60.
Ben‐Zaken S, Meckel Y, Nemet D, et al. Genetic score of power-speed and endurance track and field athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2013; 25: 166–174.
Böhme, M. Treinamento a longo prazo e o processo de detecção, seleção e promoção de talentos esportivos. Revista Brasileira de ciências do esporte 2010; 21: 4-10.
Anderson M, Hopkins W, Roberts A, et al. Ability of test measures to predict competitive performance in elite swimmers. Journal of Sports Sciences 2008; 26: 123–130.
Bergmann G, Bergmann M, Lorenzi T, et al. Pico de velocidade em estatura, massa corporal e gordura subcutânea de meninos e meninas dos 10 aos 14 anos de idade. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum 2007; 9: 333-338
Pyne DB, Spencer M, Mujika I. Improving the Value of Fitness Testing for Football. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 2014; 9: 511–514.
Malina, R, Bouchard, C, and Bar-Or, O. Growth, Maturation and Physical Activity (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2004; 215–233
Hirsch KR, Smith-Ryan AE, Trexler ET, et al. Body Composition and Muscle Characteristics of Division I Track and Field Athletes: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2016; 30: 1231–1238.
ISAK – The Internacional Society for Advancement for Kineanthropometry. First printed. 360 Australia; National Library of Australia, 2001.
Zacharogiannis E, Paradisis G, Tziortzis S. An evaluation of tests of anaerobic power and capacity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2004; 36: S116.
Wells KF, Dillon EK. The Sit and Reach-A Test of Back and Leg Flexibility. Research Quarterly American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation 1952; 23: 115–118.
Rodrigues M, Marins JC. Counter movement e squat jump: análise metodológica e dados normativos em atletas. Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento, 2012; 19: 108-119.
Gaya A, Lemos A, Gaya A, Teixeira D, Pinheiro E & Moreira R. Projeto Esporte Brasil PROESP-Br. Manual de Aplicação de Medidas e Testes, Normas e Critérios de Avaliação, 2012.
Léger L, Boucher R. An indirect continuous running multistage field test: the Université de Montréal track test. Can J Appl Sport Sci 1980; 5: 77–84.
Kuipers H, Verstappen F, Keizer H, et al. Variability of Aerobic Performance in the Laboratory and Its Physiologic Correlates. Int J Sports Med 1985; 06: 197–201.
Khamis H, Roche A. Predicting adult stature without using skeletal age: the Khamis-Roche method. Pediatrics 1994; 94: 504-507.
Malina RM, Eisenmann JC, Cumming SP, et al. Maturity-associated variation in the growth and functional capacities of youth football (soccer) players 13–15 years. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004; 91: 555–562.
Rowland TW. Exercise and children’s health. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics Books, 1990.
Meylan CMP, Cronin JB, Oliver JL, et al. The effect of maturation on adaptations to strength training and detraining in 11–15-year-olds. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2014; 24: e156–e164.
Seabra A., Maia J, Garganta, R. Crescimento, maturação, aptidão física, força explosiva e habilidades motoras específicas. Estudo em jovens futebolistas e não futebolistas do sexo masculino dos 12 aos 16 anos de idade. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto 2001; 1: 22-35.
Beunen G, Malina R,.. Growth and biologic maturation: relevance to athletic performance. H. HEBESTREIT, O. BAR-OR, The young athlete Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing 2008; 3-18.
Pipes TV. Body Composition Characteristics of Male and Female Track and Field Athletes. Research Quarterly American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation 1977; 48: 244–247.
Malina RM, Harper AB, Avent HH, et al. Physique of female track and field athletes. Med Sci Sports 1971; 3: 32–38.
Carbuhn AF, Fernandez TE, Bragg AF, et al. Sport and Training Influence Bone and Body Composition in Women Collegiate Athletes: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research2010; 24: 1710–1717.
Stanforth PR, Crim BN, Stanforth D, et al. Body Composition Changes Among Female NCAA Division 1 Athletes Across the Competitive Season and Over a Multiyear Time Frame: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2014; 28: 300–307.
Kyriazis TA, Terzis G, Boudolos K, et al. Muscular Power, Neuromuscular Activation, and Performance in Shot Put Athletes At Preseason and at Competition Period: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2009; 23: 1773–1779.
Kyriazis T, Terzis G, Karampatsos G, et al. Body Composition and Performance in Shot Put Athletes at Preseason and at Competition. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 2010; 5: 417–421.
Terzis G, Kyriazis T, Karampatsos G, et al. Muscle Strength, Body Composition, and Performance of an Elite Shot-Putter. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 2012; 7: 394–396.
Corbin, C, Flexibility. Clinical Sports Medicine 1984; 3: 101-17.
Beaudoin CM, Whatley Blum J. Flexibility and running economy in female collegiate track athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2005; 45: 295–300.
Craib MW, Mitchell VA, Fields KB, et al. The association between flexibility and running economy in sub-elite male distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28: 737–743.
Trehearn TL, Buresh RJ. Sit-and-Reach Flexibility and Running Economy of Men and Women Collegiate Distance Runners: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2009; 23: 158–162.
Billat LV. Use of Blood Lactate Measurements for Prediction of Exercise Performance and for Control of Training. Sports Med 1996; 22: 157–175.
Cormie P, McGuigan MR, Newton RU. Developing Maximal Neuromuscular Power. Sports Med2011; 41: 17–38.
Smirniotou A, Katsikas C, Paradisis G, et al. Strength-power parameters as predictors of sprinting performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2008; 48: 447–454.
Cronin JB, Hansen KT. Strength and Power Predictors of Sports Speed. J Strength Cond Res2005; 19: 349.
Keiner M, Sander A, Wirth K, et al. The impact of 2years of additional athletic training on the jump performance of young athletes. Science & Sports 2014; 29: e39–e46.
Detanico D, Dal Pupo J, Franchini E, et al. Relationship of aerobic and neuromuscular indexes with specific actions in judo. Science & Sports 2012; 27: 16–22.
Loturco I, DʼAngelo RA, Fernandes V, et al. Relationship Between Sprint Ability and Loaded/Unloaded Jump Tests in Elite Sprinters: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research2015; 29: 758–764.
