Misinformation, Disinformation, and Malinformation: clarifying the definitions and examples in disinfodemic times
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5007/1518-2924.2021.e76900Keywords:
Misinformation, Disinformation, Malinformation, Disinfodemic, Infodemic, IntentionalityAbstract
Objective: It describes and analyzes the theoretical-practical incidences of misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation, including but not limited to the Information Science framework. Besides, it aims to outline an understanding of these three concepts based on 16 arrangements interconnected according to their intentionality.
Methods: To build discourses and descriptions of the phenomenon of misinformation and its derivations, we applied the hermeneutical, rhetorical, and phenomenological principles of intentionality as our work methods.
Results: As a result, we present some theoretical incidences to clarify these three concepts, in addition to outlining and characterizing, according to the intentionality, 16 mis-, dis-, mal- information arrangements associated with these three concepts: bias, propaganda, retracted papers, conspiracy theories, misleading representation in maps, charts and graphics, fake news, clickbait, hoax, satire or parody, imposter website, fake reviews, phishing, filter bubbles, and echo chambers.
Conclusions: We highlight that the complexity that permeates the various fields in the present situation is due to the difficulty of reaching a consensus on the semantic definition of the concepts of information, misinformation, and its disambiguations since these concepts have various properties.
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Copyright (c) 2021 Karen Santos-d'Amorim, Májory Fernandes de Oliveira Miranda
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