Ethics after intervention: should warlords be empowered as statesmen?

Authors

  • Daniel Duarte Flora Carvalho Professor de Relações Internacionais - Universidade Federal de Pelotas Doutorando em Relações Internacionais - Universidade de São Paulo

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5007/1677-2954.2017v16n1p109

Abstract

Since the end of the Cold War, when the number of peacekeeping and peacebuilding interventions considerably increased, the debate about their ethics raised as an important aspect regarding both its ends and its means. Literature was roughly divided between those who advocated for an approach centred on global actors, liberal peace and cosmopolitanism and those who stood for the role of local actors and indigenous solutions for the problems in question. In this regard, the relationship that the International Community usually held with warring parties in civil conflict came to the fore. This essay looks forward to providing insights about the role that warlords can play in facilitating and hindering internationally-led peace process. Using Burundi and Somalia as case-studies, it is argued that warlords can only commit to liberal and cosmopolitan ethics after the state institutions have been built and solidified.

Author Biography

Daniel Duarte Flora Carvalho, Professor de Relações Internacionais - Universidade Federal de Pelotas Doutorando em Relações Internacionais - Universidade de São Paulo

Professor de Relações Internacionais da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel). Doutorando em Relações Internacionais (área de concentração: Cultura e Questões Normativas nas Relações Internacionais) no IRI-USP, é mestre em Relações Internacionais pelo PPGRI ?San Tiago Dantas? ? UNESP/UNICAMP/PUC-SP (área de concentração: Paz, Defesa e Segurança) e graduado em Relações Internacionais pela PUC-SP. Desenvolve pesquisas sobre segurança internacional e desenvolvimento na África e teorias de Relações Internacionais na periferia.

References

African Arguments, 2011. Burundi: a Political Crisis or a Crisis in Politics?. [Online]

Available at: http://africanarguments.org/2011/08/05/burundi-a-political-crisis-or-a-crisis-in-politics/

[Accessed 09 February 2016].

Al Jazeera, 2014. In Pictures: Life Returns to Mogadishu. [Online]

Available at: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2014/07/pictures-mogadishu-201472292331183935.html

[Accessed 06 04 2016].

Anonymous, 2002. Government Recognition in Somalia and Regional Political Stability in the Horn of Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 40(2), pp. 247-272.

Call, C. T., 2012. When Peace Fails: the causes and prevention of civil war recurrence. Washington: Georgetown University Press.

Clapham, C., 2013. Peacebuilding without a State: The Somali Experience. In: D. Curtis & G. A. Dzinesa, eds. Peacebuilding, Power, and Politics in Africa. Johannesburg: Wits University Press, pp. 295-310.

Cunninghan, D. E., 2011. Barriers to Peace in Civil War. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Curran, D. & Woodhouse, T., 2007. Cosmopolitan peacekeeping and peacebuilding in Sierra Leone: what can Africa Contribute. International Affairs, 86(6), pp. 1055-70.

Curtis, D., 2013. The Contested Politics of Peacebuilding in Africa. In: D. Curtis & G. A. Dzinesa, eds. Peacebuilding, Power, and Politics in Africa. Johannesburg: Wits University Press, pp. 01-28.

Doyle, M. W., 1999. A Liberal View: Preserving and Expanding the Liberal Pacific Union. In: T. V. Paul & J. A. Hall, eds. International Order and the Future of World Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 41-66.

Duffield, M., 2001. Global Governance and the New Wars. London: Zed Books.

Duyvesteyn, I., 2005. Clausweitz and African War: politics and strategy in Liberia and Somalia. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis.

Evans, G. J., 2008. The responsibility to protect: ending mass atrocity crimes once and for all. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.

Fukuyama, F., 2005. Construção de estados: governo e organização mundial no século XXI. Rio de Janeiro: Rocco.

Fukuyama, F., 2011. As Origens da Ordem Política: dos tempos pré-humanos até a Revolução Francesa. Rio de Janeiro: Rocco.

High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Changes, 2004. A More Secure World: our shared responsibility, New York: United Nations.

Lidén, K., 2009. Building Peace between Global and Local Politics: the Cosmopolitical Ethics of Liberal Peacebuilding. International Peacekeeping, 16(5), pp. 616-34.

McDougall, D., 2014. Responsibility While Protecting - Brazil's proposal for modifying Responsibility to Protect. Global Responsibility to Protect, Volume 6, pp. 64-87.

Menkhaus, K., 1996. International Peacebuilding and the Dynamics of Local and National Reconciliation in Somalia. International Peacekeeping, 3(1), pp. 42-67.

Menkhaus, K., 2006. Governance without Government in Somalia - spoilers, state building, and the politics of coping. International Security, 31(3), pp. 74-106.

Miller, P. D., 2013. Armed State Building: confronting state failure, 1899-2012. New York: Cornell University Press.

Mills, G., 2014. Why States Recover: changing walking societies into winning nations, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. London: C. Hurst & Co..

Molloy, D., 2004. The gender perspective as a deterrent to spoliers: the Sierra Leone experience. Conflict Trends, Volume 2, pp. 16-19.

Paris, R., 2004. At War's End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Paris, R. & Sisk, T. D., 2009. Understanding the contradictions of postwar statebuilding. In: R. Paris & T. D. Sisk, eds. The Dilemmas of Statebuilding - confronting the contradictions of postwar peace operations. New York: Routledge, pp. 01-20.

Patman, R. G., 2007. Globalization, the demise of the Cold War, and the disintegration of the Somali State. s.l., International Studies Association Annual Conference.

Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T. & Miall, H., 2011. Contemporary Conflict Resolution - the prevention, management and transformation of deadly conflicts. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Sisk, T. D., 2009. Burundi: empowering the fragile center. In: International Mediation in Civil Wars: bargaining with bullets. New York: Routledge, pp. 133-46.

Southall, R., 2006. A Long Prelude to Peace: African Involvement in Ending Burundi's War. In: Ending Africa's Wars: progressing to peace. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited, pp. 201-21.

United Nations, 1992. An agenda for peace: preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping, Nova Iorque: s.n.

United Nations, 2005. Security Council Resolution 1645. s.l., s.n.

United Nations, 2014. List of Peacekeeping Operations 1948-2013. [Online]

Available at: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/operationslist.pdf

[Accessed 07 April 2016].

Woodward, P., 2003. The Horn of Africa: politics and international relatiosn. New York: I.B. Tauris.

Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2014. The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) Project. [Online]

Available at: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx#home

[Accessed 09 February 2015].

Downloads

Published

2017-08-30

Issue

Section

Articles