La teoría gestual del origen del lenguaje

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5007/1984-8412.2022.e83790

Palabras clave:

Teoría gestual, Origen del lenguaje

Resumen

La idea de que el gesto visual icónico tuvo algo que ver con el origen del lenguaje, particularmente del habla, es un elemento frecuente en especulaciones sobre ese fenómeno y aparece temprano en su historia. La hipótesis de Sócrates sobre los orígenes de las palabras griegas en el diálogo satírico de Platón, Crátilo, incluye un posible papel para la iconicidad basada en el sonido, tal como para los gestos visuales empleados por los sordos. El uso de la sátira de Platón para abordar este tema también señala la delgada línea entre lo sublime y lo ridículo que ha seguido siendo un sello distintivo de este tipo de especulación. Este artículo presenta evidencias recientes que apoyan la idea de que el lenguaje surgió primero como un gesto visual. Esas evidencias se extraen de diversas investigaciones, incluidas investigaciones sobre los fundamentos neurológicos del gesto, es decir, sobre neuronas espejo; investigaciones recientes sobre la comunicación gestual de grandes simios africanos; sobre las bases cognitivas de las lenguas de señas de sordos y sobre el surgimiento de nuevas lenguas de señas.

Biografía del autor/a

David F. Armstrong, Gallaudet University (GU)

Antropólogo, professor emérito da Gallaudet University (GU).

Pedro Henrique Witchs, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Ufes)

Doutor e mestre em Educação pela Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (Unisinos); graduado em Ciências Biológicas pela mesma instituição. É professor do Departamento de Línguas e Letras e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Ufes).

Maria Vitória Witchs, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (Unisinos)

Graduada em Letras-Português/Inglês pela Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (Unisinos).

Citas

ARMSTRONG, D. F. Scientific and Ethical Issues in the Case for American Sign Language. Sign Language Studies, v. 43, p. 165-184, 1984.

ARMSTRONG, D. F. Original Signs: Gesture, Sign, and the Sources of Language. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press, 1999.

ARMSTRONG, D. F.; STOKOE, W. C.; WILCOX, S. E. Gesture and the Nature of Language. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

ARMSTRONG, D. F.; WILCOX, S. E. The Origins of Sign Language. In: MARSCHARK, M.; SPENCER, P. (ed.). Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. p. 305-318.

ARMSTRONG, D. F.; WILCOX, S. E. 2007. The Gestural Origin of Language. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.

BALTER, M. “Speech Gene” Tied to Modern Humans. Science, v. 297, n. 5584, p. 1105, 2002.

BAYNTON, D. The Curious Death of Sign Language Studies in the Nineteenth Century. In: ARMSTRONG, D. F.; KARCHMER, M. A.; VAN CLEVE, J. V. (ed.). The Study of Signed Languages: Essays in Honor of William C. Stokoe. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press, 2002. p. 13-34.

CORBALLIS, M. C. From Hand to Mouth: The Origins of Language. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002.

CUXAC, C. La Langue des Signes Française: Les voies de l’iconicité. Faits de Langues 15-16. Paris: Ophrys, 2000.

DE MATTEO, A. Visual Imagery and Visual Analogues in ASL. In: FRIEDMAN, L. A. (ed.). On the Other Hand. New York: Academic Press, 1977. p. 109-136.

ENARD, W.; PRZEWORKSKI, M.; FISHER, S. E.; LAI, C. S. L.; WIEBE, V.; KITANO, T.; MONACO, A. P.; PAABO, S. Molecular Evolution of FOXP2, a Gene Involved in Speech and Language. Nature, v. 418, p. 869-872, 2002.

ENGBERG-PEDERSEN, E. Space in Danish Sign Language: The Semantics and

Morphosyntax of the Use of Space in a Visual Language. Hamburg: Signum, 1993.

FISHER, S. E.; VARGHA-KADEM, F.; WATKINS, K. E.; MONACO, A. P.; PEMBREY, M. E. Localisation of a Gene Implicated in a Severe Speech and Language Disorder. Nature Genetics, v. 18, p. 168-170, 1998.

FOUTS, R.; MILLS, S. T. Next of Kin. New York: Morrow, 1997.

FRISHBERG, N. Arbitrariness and Iconicity: Historical Change in American Sign Language. Language, v. 51, p. 699-719, 1975.

FUSELLIER-SOUZA, I. Emergence and Development of Signed Languages:

From a Semiogenetic Point of View. Sign Language Studies, v. 7, n. 1, p. 30-56, 2006.

GARDNER, R. E.; GARDNER, B. T.; NICHOLS, S. G. The Shapes and Uses of Signs in a Cross-fostering Laboratory. In: GARDNER, R. E.; GARDNER, B. T.; VAN CANTFORT, T. E. (ed.). Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989. p. 55-180.

GARDNER, R. E.; GARDNER, B. T.; VAN CONTFORT, T. E. (ed.). Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.

GIBSON, K. R. Review of The Wisdom of the Bones by A. Walker and P. Shipman. Evolution of Communication, v. 1, n. 1, p. 153-155, 1997.

GIVÓN, T. Mind, Code, and Context: Essays in Pragmatics. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1989.

GIVÓN, T. On the Co-evolution of Language, Mind, and Brain. Evolution of Communication, v. 2, n. 1, p. 45-116, 1998.

GOODALL, J. Chimpanzees of the Gombe Stream Reserve. In: DeVORE, I. (ed.). Primate Behavior: Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1965.

GOPNICK, M. Feature-blind Grammar and Dysphasia. Nature, v. 344, p. 715, 1990.

GROCE, N. E. Everyone Here Spoke Sign Language: Hereditary Deafness on Martha’s Vineyard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985.

HARNAD, S. R.; STEKLIS, H. D.; LANCASTER, J. (ed.). Origins and Evolution of Language and Speech. Special issue of Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 280, 1976.

HAUSER, M. D.; CHOMSKY, N.; FITCH, W. T. The Faculty of Language: What Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve? Science, v. 298, p. 1569-1579, 2002.

HEWES, G. W. Primate Communication and the Gestural Origin of Language. Current Anthropology, v. 14, p. 5-24, 1973.

HEWES, G. W. The Current Status of the Gestural Theory of Language Origins. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 280, p. 482-504, 1976.

HEWES, G. W. A History of the Study of Language Origins and the Gestural Primacy Hypothesis. In: LOCK, A.; PETERS, C. R. (ed.). Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution. Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1996. p. 571-595.

HOPKINS, W. D.; WESLEY, M. J.; IZARD, M. K.; HOOK, M.; SCHAPIRO, S. J. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Are Predominantly Right-handed: Replication in Three Populations of Apes. Behavioral Neuroscience, v. 118, n. 3, p. 659-663, 2004.

JACKENDOFF, R. Précis of Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, v. 26, n. 6, p. 651-665, 2002.

KENDON, A. Historical Observations on the Relationship between Research on Sign Languages and Language Origins Theory. In: ARMSTRONG, D. F.; KARCHMER, M. A.; VAN CLEVE, J. V. (ed.). The Study of Signed Languages: Essays in Honor of William C. Stokoe. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press, 2002. p. 13-34.

KING, B. J. Alternative Pathways for the Evolution of Gesture: Review of M. C. Corballis, From Hand to Mouth. Sign Language Studies, v. 4, n. 1, p. 68-82, 2003.

KING, B. J. The Dynamic Dance: Nonvocal Communication in African Great Apes. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004.

KING, B. J.; SHANKER, S. G. The Expulsion of Primates from the garden of Language. Review of W. Noble and I. Davidson, Human Evolution, Language, and Mind. Evolution of Communication, v. 1, n. 1, p. 59-99, (1996) 1997.

KLIMA, E.; BELLUGI, U. The Signs of Language. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979.

LAI, C. S.; FISHER, S. E.; HURST, J. A.; VARGHA-KHADEM, F.; MONACO, A. P. A Forkhead-domain Gene Is Mutated in a Severe Speech and Language Disorder. Nature, v. 413, p. 519, 2001.

LANG, H. Perspectives on the History of Deaf Education. In: MARSCHARK, M.; SPENCER, P. E. Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. p. 9-20.

LIDDELL, S. K. Grammar, Gesture, and Meaning in American Sign Language. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

MEIER, R. P. Language Acquisition by Deaf Children. American Scientist, v. 79, p. 60-70, 1991.

MYKLEBUST, H. The Psychology of Deafness. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1957.

NEISSER, A. The Other Side of Silence. New York: Knopf, 1983.

PINKER, S. The Language Instinct. New York: Morrow, 1994.

PREMACK, D. Gavagai! Or the Future History of the Animal Language Controversy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1986.

REYNOLDS, V. Some Behavioral Comparisons between the Chimpanzee and the Mountain Gorilla in the Wild. American Anthropologist, v. 67, p. 691-705, 1965.

RIZZOLATTI, G.; ARBIB, M. A. Language within Our Grasp. Trends in Neuroscience, v. 21, p. 188-194, 1998.

ROSENFELD, S. A Revolution in Language: The Problem of Signs in Late Eighteenth-century France. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001.

SANDLER, W.; MEIR, I.; PADDEN, C.; ARONOFF, M. The Emergence of Grammar: Systematic Structure in a New Language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 102, n. 7, p. 2661-2665, 2005.

SAVAGE-RUMBAUGH, E. S.; WILKERSON, B. J.; BAKERMAN, R. Spontaneous Gestural Communication among Conspecifics in the Pygmy Chimpanzee (Pan paniscus). In: BOURNE, G. H. (Ed.). Progress in Ape Research. New York: Academic Press, 1977. p. 91-116.

SCHALLER, G. The Behavior of the Mountain Gorilla. In: DeVORE (ed.). Primate Behavior: Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1965.

SENGHAS, A.; KITA, S.; OZYUREK, A. Children Creating Core Properties of Language: Evidence from an Emerging Sign Language in Nicaragua. Science, v. 305, p. 1779-1782, 2004.

STEKLIS, H. Primate Communication, Comparative Neurology, and the Origin of Language Reexamined. Journal of Human Evolution, v. 14, p. 157-173, 1985.

STOKOE, W. C. Sign Language Structure: An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf. Studies in Linguistics: Occasional Papers, v. 8. Buffalo, N.Y.: University of Buffalo, Department of Anthropology and Linguistics, 1960.

STOKOE, W. C. Semantic Phonology. Sign Language Studies, v. 71, p. 99-106, 1991.

STOKOE, W. C.; CASTERLINE, D. C.; CRONEBERG, C. G. A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet College Press, 1965.

STOKOE, W. C.; VOLTERRA, V. (ed.). Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Sign Language Research. Silver Spring, Md.: Linstok, 1985.

SUZUKI, A. An Ecological Study of Chimpanzees in a Savanna Woodland. Primates, v. 10, p. 197-225, 1969.

TANNER, J. E.; BYRNE, R. W. Representation of Action through Iconic Gesture in a Captive Lowland Gorilla. Current Anthropology, v. 37, p. 12-73, 1996.

TANNER, J. E.; BYRNE, R. W. 1999. The Development of Spontaneous Gestural Communication in a Group of Zoo-living Lowland Gorillas. In: PARKER, S. T.; MITCHELL, R.W.; MILES, H. L. (ed.). The Mentalities of Gorillas and Orangutans. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. p. 211-239.

TAUB, S. Language from the Body: Iconicity and Metaphor in American Sign Language. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

TERRACE, H. S.; PETITTO, L. A.; SANDERS, R. J.; BEVER, T. G. Can an Ape

Create a Sentence? Science, v. 206, p. 891-900, 1979.

WALLMAN, J. Aping Language. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

WESCOTT, R. (Ed.). Language Origins. Silver Spring, Md.: Linstok, 1974.

WILBUR, R. American Sign Language: Linguistic and Applied Dimensions. Boston: Little, Brown, 1987.

WILCOX, P. P. Metaphor in American Sign Language. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press, 2000.

WILCOX, S. Hands and Bodies, Minds and Souls: Or, How a Sign Linguist Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Gesture. Paper presented at the Workshop on the Integration of Language and Gesture, University of Delaware, Newark, October 7-8, 1996.

Descargas

Publicado

2022-05-19

Número

Vol. 19 Núm. 1 (2022)

Sección

Traducción

Licencia

Creative Commons License

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.

Los trabajos publicados pasan a ser de derecho de la Revista Fórum Linguístico, quedando su reimpresión, total o parcial, sujeta a la autorización expresa del Consejo de Redacción de la revista. Debe ser consignada la fuente de publicación original.