From the ancients, to moderns and contemporary: redefining the concept of liberty according to the Ecological State
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5007/2177-7055.2021.e74539Abstract
The paper aims to explain the importance of re-signifying the concept of freedom to guarantee environmental protection in contemporary democracies. To achieve this goal, it analyzes the development of the idea of freedom in ancient and modern societies, outlining a new concept of liberty, more updated and adequate to the contemporary scenario of accelerated environmental crisis and to the development of an Ecological State, ethically based on ecocentrism. The methodological approach is qualitative, pure and the source of research is bibliographical. Research findings show that freedom, in known western societies, changed from an ancient political and public freedom through modern private individual freedom, to later embrace equality in guaranteeing also groups’ freedoms. The study also verified that this current concept of liberty still strengthens the autonomy of human person, emptying the freedom of being and depleting finite natural resources. Hence, the research attests the need to incorporate in the concept of liberty an interspecies solidarity derived from the awareness of man’s biological nature included in the biotic complex as a whole, resulting in Bosselmann’s holistic concept of freedom, foundation stone of the Ecological State.
References
BOBBIO, Norberto. Liberalismo e democracia. 6. ed. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1994.
BOSSELMANN, Klaus. [correspondence]. Recipient: Ana Stela Vieira Mendes Câmara. [S. l.], 1 june 2013. 1 personal message.
BOSSELMANN, Klaus. Earth democracy: institutionalizing sustainability and ecological integrity. In: ENGEL, J. Ronald; WESTRA, Laura; ______ (ed.). Democracy, Ecological Integrity and International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010. v. 1.
BOSSELMANN, Klaus. Grounding the Rule of Law – In memorian of Staffan Westerlund. In: RULE OF LAW FOR NATURE: Environmental Law Conference, May 2012, Oslo. Keynotes […]. Oslo: University of Oslo, 2012.
BOSSELMANN, Klaus. When two worlds collide: Society and Ecology. Auckland: RSVP Publishing Company Limited, 1995.
CANOTILHO, José Joaquim Gomes. Estudos sobre direitos fundamentais. 2 ed. Coimbra: Coimbra Editora, 2008.
CASERTANO, Giovanni. Os Pré-Socráticos. São Paulo: Loyola, 2011.
CONSTANT, Benjamin. Da liberdade dos antigos comparada à dos modernos. Revista de Filosofia Política, [s. l.], n. 82, p. 7-25. 1985. Available at: http://caosmose.net/candido/unisinos/textos/benjamin.pdf. Accessed on: 17 Jan. 2020.
ENGEL, J. Ronald. Contesting Democracy. In: WESTRA, Laura; BOSSELMANN, Klaus (ed.). Democracy, Ecological Integrity and International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010. v. 1.
GORI, Roland. As patologias do niilismo em nossa modernidade. Tempo psicanalítico, Rio de Janeiro, v. 42, n. 1, p. 107-129, jun. 2010. Available at: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0101-48382010000100006&lng=pt&nrm=iso. Accessed on: 17 Jan. 2020.
GOYARD-FABRE, Simone. O que é democracia? A genealogia filosófica de uma grande aventura humana. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2003.
KELSEN, Hans. Escritos sobre la democracia y el socialismo. Madrid: Debate, 1988.
KELSEN, Hans. Teoria comunista del Derecho y del Estado. Buenos Aires: Emecé, 1957.
KLOEPFER, Michael. Is There the Threat from an Authoritarian Ecological State? European Environmental Law Review, [s. l.], v. 3, issue 4, p. 112-115, 1994.
KOSELLECK, Reinhart. Uma história dos conceitos: problemas teóricos e práticos. Revista Estudos Históricos, [s. l.], v. 5, n. 10, p. 134-146, jul./dez. 1992. Available at: http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/reh/article/view/1945/1084. Accessed on: 17 Jan. 2020.
LEITE, José Rubens Morato; BELCHIOR, Germana Parente Neiva. O Estado de Direito Ambiental e a particularidade de uma hermenêutica jurídica. Seqüência, Florianópolis, n. 60, p. 291-318, jul. 2010. Available at: https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/sequencia/article/view/2177-7055.2010v31n60p291/15075. Accessed on: 19 Jan. 2022.
LEITE, José Rubens Morato; VENÂNCIO, Marina Demaria. Environmental Protection in Brazil’s High Court: safeguarding the environment through a Rule of Law for Nature. Seqüência, Florianópolis, n. 77, p. 29-50, nov. 2017. Available at: https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/sequencia/article/view/2177-7055.2017v38n77p29/35700. Accessed on: 19 Jan. 2022.
MARCUSE, Herbert. Tecnologia, guerra e fascismo. São Paulo: UNESP, 1999.
MATURANA, Humberto R.; VARELA, Francisco J. A árvore do conhecimento: as bases biológicas da compreensão humana. São Paulo: Palas Athena, 2001.
MILL, John Stuart. On liberty. Kitchener: Batoche Books Limited, 2001. E-Book. Available at: http://www.dominiopublico.gov.br/download/texto/mc000210.pdf. Accessed on: 21 Jan. 2020.
MORIN, Edgar. El Método: La vida de la vida. 5. ed. Madrid: Catedra, 2002.
MOTTA Luiz Eduardo. Direito, Estado e Poder: Poulantzas e seu conflito com Kelsen. Revista de Sociologia e Política, v. 19, n. 38, p. 7-25, fev. 2011.
PADILHA, Norma Sueli.Compromisso constitucional da sustentabilidade ambiental: desafios de sua concretização frente à necessidade de revisão do ensino jurídico e atualização dos implementadores judiciais da normatividade ambiental. Pensar, Fortaleza, v. 16, n. 2, p. 730-766, jul./dez. 2011. Available at: https://periodicos.unifor.br/rpen/article/view/2169/1770. Accessed on: 19 Jan. 2022.
SANTOS, Boaventura de Sousa. Pela mão de Alice: o social e o político na pós-modernidade. 7. ed. Porto: Afrontamento, 1999.
SERRES, Michel. Le contrat naturel. Paris: Flammarion, 1990.
SKINNER, Quentin. As fundações do pensamento político moderno. 1 reimp. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1999.
TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis de. A democracia na América: Leis e costumes – De certas leis e certos costumes políticos que foram naturalmente sugeridos aos americanos por seu estado social democrático. 2. ed. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2005.
ZIPPELIUS, Reinhold. Filosofia do Direito. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2012.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
![Licença Creative Commons](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.