Aspects of hybridism in Joseph Conrad's Almayer's Folly and Heart of Darkness Aspectos de hibridismo em Almayer´s Folly e Heart of Darkness de Joseph Conrad
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-8026.2019v72n1p15Abstract
In the light of concepts put forth by Cultural Criticism the essay discusses Joseph Conrad´s novels Almayer´s Folly and Heart of Darkness as stagings of the conflicts inherent in the syncretic nature of all culture. In the first novel, Nina, the offspring of an interracial marriage, is analyzed as a projection of the problems of hybridism. The theme recurs in Heart of Darkness, in the figure of the “harlequin”, whose mixed ancestry makes him the butt of continuous abuse. A fictional anticipation of Michel Serres´ allegorical harlequin , the half-caste proves close to three Conradian characters: Nina, in Almayer´s Folly, and, in Heart of Darkness, Kurtz and Marlow, the narrator. Conrad´s two novels thus nod to each other as mutually illuminating references, fictional premonitions of the key postcolonial category of hybridity.
References
ACHEBE, Chinua. (1989). An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad´s Heart of Darkness. Hopes and Impediments: Selected Essays. New York: Doubleday, Anchor, p. 1-20.
ARENS, W. ( 1980). The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology and Anthropophagy. Oxford University Press.
BERND, Zilá. (2004).O elogio da crioulidade. O conceito de hibridização a partir dos autores francófonos do Caribe. ABDALA JÚNIOR, Benjamin (org). Margens da cultura. Mestiçagem, hibridismo e outras misturas. São Paulo: Boitempo editorial, p. 99-111.
BHABHA, Homi K.(2013). Local da cultura. Trad. Myriam Àvila, Eliana Lourenço de Lima Reis, Gláucia Renate Gonçalves. 2. ed. Belo Horizonte: Editora UFMG, 2013.
BLOOM, Harold. Introduction. (1986). Joseph Conrad. New York and Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, p. 1-7.
BROWN, Douglas. (1983). From Heart of Darkness to Nostromoa: An Approach to Conrad. The New Pelican Guide to English Literature, vol 7, from James to Eliot, ed. Boris Ford. Harmondsworth: Penguin, p. 131-49.
BURKE, Peter, Hibridismo cultural. (2003).São Leopoldo, RS: Ed. UNISINOS, 2003.
CANARIO, John W. (1967).The Harlequin in Heart of Darkness: Studies in Short Fiction, New York: Twayne Publishers, p. 225-22.
CANCLINI, Néstor García. (2006). Culturas híbridas. Estratégias para entrar e sair da modernidade. Trad. Heloísa Pezza Cintrão, Ana Regina Lessa. 2. ed. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo.
CEVASCO, Maria Eliza(2003) . As dez lições sobre os Estudos Culturais. São Paulo: Boitempo Editorial.
CLIFFORD, James. (1988). On Ethnographic Self-Fashioning: Conrad and Malinowski. The Predicament of Culture. Twentieth Century, Literature and Art. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, p. 92-113.
CONRAD, Joseph.(1947). Almayer´s Folly: a story of an eastern river and tales of unrest. London: J.M. Sons.
______________ Heart of Darkness: an authoritative text, backgrounds and source, criticism. (1988). Ed. Robert Kimbrough. New York: Norton, 3rd edition.
FARN, Regelind.(2005). Colonial and Postcolonial Rewritings of “Heart of Darkness”: a Century of Dialogue with Joseph Conrad. Irvine, California: Universal Publishers, Dissertation Com..
GEERTZ, Clifford. (1980). Negara. Princeton University Press.
GOMES, HeloisaToller.(2002). As marcas da escravidão. Rio de Janeiro: Editora da UFRJ.
GREWAL, Inderpal and KAPLAN, Caren,eds. (1994). Scattered Hegemonies. Post Modernity and Transnational Feminist Practices.Minneapolis: University of Minesota Press.
HARRIS, Wilson. (1983). The Womb of Space. The Cross-Cultural Imagination. Westport,Conn., London: Greenwood.
HELDER, Jac, (1975). Fool Convention and Conrad´s Hollow Harlequin. Studies in Short Fiction. New York: Twayne Publishers, p. 363-8.
HULME, Peter. Columbus and the Cannibals. (1986). Peter Hulmes, ed. Collonial Encounters: Europe and the Native Caribbean, 1492-1797. Loondon, New York: Methuen, p. 13-43.
McCLURE, John. (1981). A. Kipling and Conrad: The Collonial Fiction. Cambridge, Mss: Harvard University Press.
MIS, Miguel Rojas.( 1993). Los Monstros: Mitos de Legitimatión de la Conquista? America Latina. Palavra, literatura e cultura, vol 1, ed Ana Pizarro. Campinas: Editora da Unicamp, p. 123-50.
NIGHTINGALE, Peggy. (1987). Journey through Darkness. The Writings of V.S. Naipaul. St. Lucia, London, New York: University of Queensland Press.
PHILLIPS, Jerry. (1993). Educating Savages. Melville, Bloom and the Rhethoric of Imperialist Instruction. Recasting the World. Writing after Colonialism, ed. Jonathan White. (1993). Baltimore: London: The John Hopkins University Press.
SAID, Edward. ( 1994) Culture and Imperialism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
SERRES, Michel. (1991).Le Tiers-Instruit. Paris: François Bourin.
SERRES, Michel. Filosofia Mestiça. Le Tiers- Instruit trad. Maria Ignez Duque Estrada.(1993). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira.
VARGAS, Augusto Tamayo. (1972). Interpretações da América Latina. América Latina em sua Literatura, ed. César Fernández Moreno. São Paulo: Editora Perspectiva, p. 455-77.
VERLEUN, Jan. (1981). Marlow and the Harlequin, Conradiana, 13, vol 3, p. 195-220.
YODER, Emily K. (1980).The Demon Harlequin in Conrad´s Hell, Conradiana, 12, vol. 2, p. 88-92.
YOUNG, Robert J. (1995). C. Hybridity and Diaspora. Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race. New York: Routledge.
WATTS, Cedric.(1986). Introduction..Joseph Conrad. Lord Jim. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
WELLS, Herbert George. (1993).The Island of Doctor Moreau. London: Everyman,
WHITE, Andrea. (1993). Joseph Conrad and the Adventure Tradition: Consstructing and Deconstructing the Imperial Subject. Cambridge University Press, 1993.
