Two views of anger

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5007/1677-2954.2026.e110875

Keywords:

injustice, emancipatory force, anger, counterproductive reaction

Abstract

This essay argues for the reading that anger is an affection whose transformative attribute lies in its potential to be an emancipatory (of revolt) in the face of injustice. To present this interpretation, I divide the argument into three parts. In the first part, I address the relationship between the propositional content of anger and the experience of injustice. From this relationship, I draw two conclusions. The first conclusion is that hermeneutics of anger, followed by its discharge into the world, acquires a conceptual semantics since its theoretical corpus is followed by an intersubjective order. The second conclusion affirms that the sociability of this affection behaves as a heuristic-motivational element that reacts to negative experiences caused by injustice. Following this, in the second part, I reconstruct its traditional perspective, that is, its conservative reading. I will thus present a philosophical reading of anger as a counterproductive social reaction that self-harms the political-moral legitimacy of those who act in its name. Thirdly, I argue that there is a critical perspective, that is, one that interprets this emotion as a sensitive-social force of emancipation. Anger, thus, is conceived as collective action guided by abolitionist ideals and practices: when used accurately and in the name of social change, it becomes a powerful source of social transformation.

References

ARISTÓTELES. Ética a Nicômaco; Poética. 4. ed. São Paulo: Nova Cultural, 1991. (Coleção Os Pensadores, v. 2).

ARISTÓTELES. Retórica. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional - Casa da Moeda, 2005.

BAILEY, Alison. On anger, silence and epistemic injustice. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements, v. 84: Harms and wrongs in epistemic practice, p. 93-111, 2018.

BELLO, Letícia. Revisão crítica da definição clássica da raiva: uma defesa da abordagem pluralista. Kalagatos: Fortaleza, v. 21, n. 2, 2024. (edição especial).

CHERRY, Myisha. A case for rage: why anger is essential to antiracist strugle. Nova Iorque: Oxford University Press, 2021.

DA HORA PEREIRA, Leonardo J. Ontologia social e teoria crítica: em torno do diagnóstico de experiências sociais negativas. TRANS/FORM/AÇÃO (UNESP. MARÍLIA. IMPRESSO), v. 47, p. 1-24, 2024.

DAVIS, Angela. Estarão as prisões obsoletas? Rio de Janeiro: Difel, 2018.

FANON, Frantz. Pele negra, máscaras brancas. Tradução: Renato da Silveira. Salvador: EDUFBA, 2008.

FlANAGAN, Owen. Introduction: the moral psychology of anger. In: CHERRY, Myisha; FLANAGAN, Owen (org). The moral psychology of anger. London: Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd, 2018.

FRYE, Marilyn. The politics of reality: essays in feminist theory. California: Crossing Press, 1983.

HABERMAS, Jürgen. A nova obscuridade: pequenos escritos políticos V. [Luiz Repa: Die Neue Unübersi-chtlichkeit. Kleine politische Schriften V]. São Paulo: UNESP, 2015.

HONNETH, Axel. O direito da liberdade. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2015.

HOOKS, bell. Killing rage: ending racism. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1995.

JAGGAR, Alison. Love and knowledge: emotion in feminist epistemology. Inquiry, v. 32, n. 2, p. 151-176, 1989.

JASPER, James M. Constructing indignation: anger dynamics in protest movements. Emotion Review, v. 6, n. 3, p. 208-213, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914522863.

LeBOEUF, Céline. Anger as a political emotion: a phenomenological perspective. In: CHERRY, Myisha; FLANAGAN, Owen (org). The moral psychology of anger. Rowman & Littlefield International, 2018.

LORDE, Audre. Irmã Outsider: ensaios e conferências. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2021.

LUGONES, María. Hard-to-handle anger. In: LUGONES, María. Pilgrimages/Peregrinajes: theorizing coalition against multiple oppressions. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003.

NARAYAN, Uma. Working together across differences: some considerations on emotions and political practice. Hypatia, v. 3, n. 2, p. 31-47, 1988.

NUNES, Rodrigo. Nem vertical, nem horizontal: uma teoria da organização política. São Paulo: Ubu, 2023.

NUSSBAUM, Martha. Anger and forgiveness: resentment, generosity, justice. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.

NUSSBAUM, Martha. Transitional anger. Journal of the American Philosophical Association, p. 41-56, 2015.

SÊNECA. Sobre a ira/Sobre a tranquilidade da alma. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2014.

SHKLAR, Judith. The faces of injustice. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.

SILVA, Laura. The efficacy of anger: recognition and retribution. In: FALCATO, A.; GRAÇA DA SILVA, S (org.). The politics of emotional shockwaves, p. 1–28, 2021a.

SILVA, Laura. Is anger a hostile emotion? Review of Philosophy and Psychology, v. 15, n. 2, 2021b.

SILVA, Laura. Anger and its desires. European Journal of Philosophy, p. 1115–1135, 2021c.

SRINIVASAN, Amia. The aptness of anger. Journal of Political Philosophy v. 26, n. 2, p. 123-144, 2018.

WILLIGES, Flavio. There is a presence in anger: an analysis of traditional critiques of racial anger protest. Sofia: Vitória (ES), v. 12, n. 2, p. 01-28. 2023.

Published

2026-06-25

Issue

Section

Dossiê Ética e Justiça