Desenvolvimento e igualdade de gênero. Uma análise de dados em painel à luz do ODS5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2022v30n377953%20Palavras-chave:
empoderamento, índice de desenvolvimento ajustado ao género (GDI), índice de desigualdade de gênero (GII), painel de dados, desenvolvimento SustentávelResumo
Este artigo estuda a relação entre o Índice de Desenvolvimento de Gênero (GDI) e a Índice de Desigualdade de Gênero (GII) por meio de um painel de dados de 132 países no período de 2010 a 2017. Os resultados indicam que a relação entre os índices no desenvolvimento e desigualdade de gênero é uma via dupla; a diminuição de um ponto no GII está associada, em média e ceteris paribus, a um aumento de 0,152 pontos no GDI. Já a melhora do GDI está relacionada à redução de 0,723 pontos do GII. Além disso, verifica-se que a ocupação feminina em setores não agrícolas e a participação econômica e política também são fatores fundamentais para a compreensão dessa relação.
Downloads
Referências
AGARWAL, Bina. “Bargaining and gender relations: Within and beyond the household”. Feminist economics, Houston, v. 3, n. 1, p. 1-51, 1997.
ARELLANO, Manuel; BOND, Stephen. “Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo
evidence and an application to employment equations”. Review of Economic Studies, London,
v. 58, p. 277-297, 1991.
ARELLANO, Manuel; BOVER, Olympia. “Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of errorcomponents models”. Journal of Econometrics, Netherlands, v. 68, p. 29-51,1995.
AUDETTE, Andre; LAM, Sean; O’CONNOR, Haley; RADCLIFF, Benjamin. “(E)Quality of life: A CrossNational analysis of the effect of gender equality on life satisfaction”. Journal of happiness studies, Netherlands, v. 20, n. 7, p. 2173-2188, 2019.
BAGADE, Tanmay; CHOJENTA, Catherine; HARRIS, Melissa; NEPAL, Smiriti; LOXTON, Deborah. “Does gender equality and availability of contraception influence maternal and child mortality? A systematic review”. BMJ Sexual and Reproductive Health, London, (Published Online First), 2019. DOI: 10.1136/bmjsrh-2018-200184.
BARDHAN, Kalpana; KLASEN, Stephan. “UNDP’s Gender-Related Indices: A Critical Review”. World Development, London, v. 27, n. 6, p. 985-1010, 1999.
BASTIAN, Bettina; METCALFE, Beverly; ZALI, Mohammad. “Gender Inequality: Entrepreneurship Development in the MENA Region”. Sustainability, Basel, v. 11, n. 22, 2019.
BAZUEVA, Elena; RODIONOVA, Marina. “A study of the relationship between gender inequality and the level of regional socio-economic systems development”. Women in Russian Society, Ivanovo, v. 4, p. 120-131, 2018.
BLUNDELL, Richard; BOND, Stephen. “Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models”. Journal of Econometrics, Netherlands, v. 87, p. 115-143,1998.
BORGHEI, Narjes; TAGHIPOUR, Ali; LATIFNEJAD, Robab; KERAMAT, Afsaneh. “Development and
validation of a new tool to measure Iranian pregnant women’s empowerment”. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, Nasr City, v. 21, n. 2, p. 897-905, 2015.
CARLSEN, Lars. “Gender inequality and development”. Sustainability Science, Basel, v. 15, n. 3, p. 759-780, 2020.
CASTILLO-GUERRA, Saluma. “Efecto del empoderamiento femenino sobre la nutrición infantil en Colombia”. Sociedad y Economía, Cali, v. 36, p. 106-129, 2019.
CIRUJANO, Paula. “Género, desarrollo y cooperación internacional.” En: CARBALLO DE LA RIVA,
Marta. Género y desarrollo. El camino hacia la equidad. Madrid: Instituto Universitario de
Desarrollo y Cooperación y Editorial Catarata, 2006. p. 55-85.
CHATURVEDI, Shobba; SINGH, Geetu; RAI, Preeti. “Progress towards Millenium Development Goals with women empowerment”. Indian Journal of Community Health, Uttar Pradesh, v. 28, n. 01, p. 10-13, 2016.
CHURILOVA, Elvira; SALIN, Viktor; SCHPAKOVSKAIA, Elena; SITNIKOVA, Oksana. “Influence of world social and economic indicators’ interlinkage on the development of human potential”. Journal of International Studies, Szczecin, v. 12, n. 4, p. 79-99, 2019. DOI:10.14254/2071-8330.2019/12-4/6.
DE BRAUW, Alan; GILLIGAN, Daniel; HODDINOT, John; ROY, Shalini. “The Impact of Bolsa Familia on Women’s Decision-Making Power”. World Development, London, v. 59, p. 487-504, 2014. Disponible en http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.02.003.
DOMÍNGUEZ, Rafael; GUIJARRO, Marta. “Gender inequality and economic growth in Spain: an
explanatory analysis”. Review of Regional Studies, v. 39, n. 1, p. 23-48, 2009.
DUFLO, Esther. “Women empowerment and economic development”. Journal of Economic
Literature, Pittsburgh, v. 50, n. 4, p. 1051-1079, 2012. Disponible en http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/
jel.50.4.1051.
EDEN, Lorraine; GUPTA, Susan. “Culture and context matter: Gender in international business and management”. Cross Cultural and Strategic Management, London, v. 24, n. 2, p. 194-210, 2017.
ELU, Juliet. “NEA Presidential Address: Gender Inequality and Human Development in Sub- Saharan Africa”. Review of Black Political Economy, New York, v. 40, n. 2, p. 105-113, 2013.
EWERLING, Fernanda; LYNCH, John; VICTORA, Cesar; VAN EERDEWIJK, Anouka; TYSZLER, Marcelo; BARROS, Aluisio. “The SWPER index for women’s empowerment in Africa: development and validation of an index based on survey data.” Lancet Global Health, London, v. 5, 2017. Disponible en http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214109X(17)30292-9.
FERRANT, Gäelle; NOWACKA, Keiko. “Measuring the drivers of gender inequality and their impact on development: the role of discriminatory social institutions”. Gender & Development, London, v. 23, n. 2, p. 319-332, 2015.
FONDO DE POBLACIÓN DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS. Igualdad entre los géneros. Panorama.
Disponible en https://www.unfpa.org/es/igualdad-entre-los-géneros, 2018.
HAUSMAN, Jerry. “Specification test in econometrics”. Econometrica, New Haven, v. 46, p. 1251-1271, 1978.
HAYASHI, Fumio. Econometrics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
KABEER, Naila. “Gender equality and women’s empowerment: A critical analysis of the third
millennium development goal 1”. Gender & Development, London, v. 13, n. 1, p. 13-24, 2005.
Disponible en http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552070512331332273.
KABEER, Naila. “Paid Work, Women’s Empowerment and Gender Justice: Critical Pathways of Social Change”. Pathways Working Paper, London, 2008.
KABEER, Naila; NATALI, Luisa. “Gender Equality and Economic Growth: Is There a Win- Win?” IDS Working Paper 417. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2013.
KABEER, Naila. “Gender Equality, Economic Growth, and Women’s Agency: the “Endless Variety” and “Monotonous Similarity” of Patriarchal Constraints”. Feminist Economics, London, v. 22, n. 1, 295-321, 2016.
KLASEN, Stephan. “Low schooling for girls, slower growth for all? Cross-country evidence on the effect of gender inequality in education on economic development”. The World Bank Economic Review, Oxford, v. 16, n. 3, p. 345-373, 2002.
LAMELAS, Nélida; AGUAYO, Eva. “Gender inequality in Latin America according to human
development indicators”. Revista Galega de Economia, Santiago de Compostela, v. 19, n. 2, 2010.
MANIYALATH, Narendranathan; NARENDRAN, Roshni. “The human development index predicts female entrepreneurship rates”. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, Swansea, v. 22, n. 5, p. 745-766, 2016.
MUKHAMADIYEVA, Aizhan; AGUMBAYEVA, Assiya; ALPYSBAYEV, Kuanysh; RAMAZANOVA, Kapura; ABENOVA, Gulnur; DUISKENOVA, Raigul. “Impact of gender equality on socio-economic development of Kazakhstan”. Space and Culture, v. 7, n. 2, p. 3-14, 2019. Disponible en https://doi.org/10.20896/saci.v7i2.449.
MUKHERJEE, Poulomi; MUKHOPADHYAY, Ishita. Impact of gender inequality on economic growth: a study of developing countries, IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Uttar Pradesh, v. 13, n. 2, p. 61-69, 2013.
NUSSBAUM, Martha. Las mujeres y el desarrollo humano. Barcelona, Herder, 2002.
O’HARA, Corey; CLÉMENT, Floriane. “Power as agency: A critical reflection on the measurement
of women’s empowerment in the development sector”. World Development, London, v. 106, p.
-123, 2018.
ORGANIZACIÓN DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS. Igualdad de género ¿Por qué es importante?, 2016. Disponible en https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/10/5_Spanish_Why_it_Matters.pdf.
ORGANIZACIÓN DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA LAS MUJERES - ONU MUJERES. Las mujeres y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), 2018. Disponible en https://www.unwomen.org/es/news/in-focus/women-and-the-sdgs.
PANDA, Pradeep; AGARWAL, Bina. “Marital violence, human development and women’s property status in India”. World Development, London, v. 33, n. 5, p. 823-850, 2005.
PATNAIK, Sasmita; TRIPATHI, Saurabh; JAIN, Abhishek. Roadmap for access to clean cooking energy in India. New Delhi: Council on Energy, Environment and Water, 2019.
PEARSON, Ruth. “Women, work and empowerment in a global era”. IDS Bulletin, Sussex, v. 35, n. 4, p. 117-120, 2004
PERMANYER, Iñaki. “A critical assessment of the UNDP’s gender inequality index”. Feminist
Economics, London, v. 19, n. 2, p. 1-32, 2013.
PERRONS, Diane. “Gendering the inequality debate”. Gender & Development, London, v. 23, n. 2, p. 207-222, DOI: 10.1080/13552074.2015.1053217, 2015.
PROGRAMA DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA EL DESARROLLO. Índices e indicadores de desarrollo humano. Anexo estadístico 2020, 2020. Disponible en http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020_technical_notes.pdf
RAZAVI, Shahra. “Fitting gender into development institutions”. World Development, London, v. 25, n. 7, p. 1111-1125, 1997.
ROSEBOOM, Tessa. “Why achieving gender equality is of fundamental importance to improve the health and well-being of future generations: a DOHaD perspective”. Journal of developmental origins of health and disease, Cambridge, v. 11, n. 2, p. 101-104, 2020.
SACHS, Jeffrey. “From Millenium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals.” Lancet, London, 379, 2206-2211, 2012.
SACHS, Jeffrey. “The age of sustainable development”. Proyect Sindicate, 2013. Disponible en
SANGAJI, Joko; MIYASTO, Miyasto; SYAKIR, Akhmad. “Macroeconomic Determinants of Gender
Inequality Index in Eight ASEAN Countries”. E3S Web of Conferences 73,11002, 2018.
SEGUINO, Stephanie; WERE, Maureen. “Gender, Development and Economic Growth in SubSaharan Africa”. Journal of African Economies, v. 23, n. 1 SUPPL1, ejt021, p. i18-i61, 2014. DOI: 10.1093/jae/ejt024.
SCHAFFER, Mark. “XTIVREG2: Stata module to perform extended IV/2SLS, GMM and AC/HAC, LIML and k-class regression for panel data models”. Statistical Software Components S456501, Boston College Department of Economics, 2010.
SOMMER, Jaime; FALLON, Kathleen. “The pathway to improving human and economic
development: girls’ secondary education, governance, and education expenditures”. Social
Forces, Chapel Hill, v. 99, n. 1, p. 205-229, 2020.
TISDELL, Clem; ROY, Kartik; GHOSE, Ananda. “A critical note on UNDP’s gender inequality indices”. Journal of Contemporary Asia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 385-399, 2001.
WOLBRECHT, Christina; CAMPBELL, David. “Leading by example: Female members of parliament as political role models”. American Journal of Political Science, Bloomington, v. 51, n. 4, p. 921-939, 2007.
WOOLDRIDGE, Jeffrey. Econometric Analysis of cross section and panel data. MIT Press, 2010.
Arquivos adicionais
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2022 Revista Estudos Feministas
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
A Revista Estudos Feministas está sob a licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial neste periódico.
A licença permite:
Compartilhar (copiar e redistribuir o material em qualquer suporte ou formato) e/ou adaptar (remixar, transformar, e criar a partir do material) para qualquer fim, mesmo que comercial.
O licenciante não pode revogar estes direitos desde que os termos da licença sejam respeitados. Os termos são os seguintes:
Atribuição – Você deve dar o crédito apropriado, prover um link para a licença e indicar se foram feitas mudanças. Isso pode ser feito de várias formas sem, no entanto, sugerir que o licenciador (ou licenciante) tenha aprovado o uso em questão.
Sem restrições adicionais - Você não pode aplicar termos jurídicos ou medidas de caráter tecnológico que restrinjam legalmente outros de fazerem algo permitido pela licença.