Invisible barriers and sustainable careers: a theoretical essay to understand careers in context
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-8077.2025.e99979Keywords:
Careers, Context, Sustainable careers, Social sustainability, SustainabilityAbstract
Objective: This theoretical essay aims to expand the contextual dimension of the concept of sustainable careers by including elements that enable the examination of structural inequalities characterizing the Brazilian labor market and other similar socioeconomic realities.
Methodology: We conducted a theoretical essay that establishes connections between the fundamental dimensions of the sustainable career concept (time, context, agency, and meaning) and the expanded notion of context, including levels related to work, origin, society, culture, and the global sphere.
Results: The study presents an expanded model of context that reveals invisible barriers interfering with career sustainability. Additionally, we propose directions for studies to explore diverse contexts.
Conclusions: An expanded perspective of context allows for understanding the reality of countries with conditions of social inequality, such as Brazil. In this sense, the gap in contextual perspectives in career research, traditionally focused on approaches with individual emphasis, is filled.
References
Aalbers, T., & De Lange, A. H. (2015). Sustainable work ability and cognitive functioning through lifestyle improvement. In A. De Vos, & B. I.J.M., Van der Heijden (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Sustainable Careers (pp. 254–271). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782547037.00022
Abrantes, P. (2013). Socialization and inequality: A biographical approach to the working class in Portugal. Current Sociology, 61(7) 984-1002. https://doi.org/10.1177/001139211349976
Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4(2), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124390004002002
ACNUR. (2021). Global trends report. https://www.acnur.org/portugues/2022/06/21/no-dia-mundial-do-refugiado-brasil-atualiza-dados-sobre-populacao-refugiada-no-pais/
Akkermans, J., Spurk, D., & Fouad, N. (2021). Careers and career development. In O. Braddick (Ed.), Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology (pp. 1-40). (Oxford Research Encyclopedias). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.557
Almeida, S. (2019). Racismo estrutural [Structural racism]. Pólen.
Andresen, M., Apospori, E., Gunz, H., Suzanne, P. A., Taniguchi, M., Lysova, E. I., Adeleye, I., Babalola, O., Bagdadli, S., Bakuwa, R., Bogićević Milikić, B., Bosak, J., Briscoe, J. P., Cha, J. S., Chudzikowski, K., Cotton, R., Dello Russo, S., Dickmann, M., Dries, N., Zikic, J. (2020). Careers in context: An international study of career goals as mesostructure between societies’ career-related human potential and proactive career behaviour. Human Resource Management Journal, 30(3), 365–391. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12247
Antunes, R. (2016). The new morphology of labour and its main trends: Informalisation, precarisation, (im)materiality and value, Critique, 44(1-2), 13-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/03017605.2016.1173822
Arena, D. F., Volpone, S. D., & Jones, K. P. (2023). (Overcoming) Maternity Bias in the Workplace: A Systematic Review. Journal of Management, 49(1), 52–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063221086243
Arifeen, S. R., & Gatrell, C. (2020). Those Glass Chains that Bind You: How British Muslim Women Professionals Experience Career, Faith and Family. British Journal of Management, 31(1), 221–236. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12387
Bal, P. M., Matthews, L., Dóci, E., & McCarthy, L. P. (2021). An ideological analysis of sustainable careers: identifying the role of fantasy and a way forward. Career Development International, 26(1), 83–101. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-05-2020-0114
Balassiano, M., Seabra, A. A. de, & Lemos, A. H. (2005). Escolaridade, salários e empregabilidade: tem razão a teoria do capital humano? Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 9(4), 31–52. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1415-65552005000400003
Barley, S. R., Bechky, B. A., & Milliken, F. J. (2017). The Changing Nature of Work: Careers, Identities, and Work Lives in the 21st Century. Academy of Management Discoveries, 3(2), 111–115. https://doi.org/10.5465/amd.2017.0034
Barthauer, L., Kaucher, P., Spurk, D., & Kau, S. (2019). Burnout and Career ( Un ) Sustainability : Looking into the Blackbox of burnout triggered career turnover intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 117(March 2020), 103334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103334
Baruch, Y., & Vardi, Y. (2016). A Fresh Look at the Dark Side of Contemporary Careers: Toward a Realistic Discourse. British Journal of Management, 27(2), 355–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12107
Bison, I. (2011). Education, Social Origins and Career (Im)Mobility in contemporary Italy. European Societies, 13(3) 481–503
Bourdieu, P. (2007). A distinção: crítica social do julgamento. Zouk.
Bourdieu, P. (1983). Sociologia. Ática.
Bukodi, E. & Goldthorpe, J. H. (2011). Class, origins, education and occupational attainment in Britain. Secular trends or cohort-specific effects? European Societies. 13(3) 347-375
Carli, L.L. & Eagly, A.H. (2016). Women face a labyrinth: an examination of metaphors for women leaders. Gender in Management, 31(8), 514-527. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-02-2015-0007
Cembranel, P., Floriano, L., & Cardoso, J. (2021). Mulheres em cargos de liderança e os seus desafios no mercado de trabalho. Revista de Ciências Da Administração, 22(57). https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-8077.2020.e78116
Chin, T., Jawahar, I. M., & Li, G. (2022). Development and Validation of a Career Sustainability Scale. Journal of Career Development, 49(4), 769–787. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845321993234
Chudzikowski, K., Gustafsson, S., & Tams, S. (2019). Constructing alignment for sustainable careers: Insights from the career narratives of management consultants. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 117(March 2020), 103312 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.05.009
Coelho Junior, P. J. de, & Hein, A. S. (2021). Gênero, Raça e Diversidade: Trajetórias Profissionais de Executivas Negras. Organizações & Sociedade, 28(97), 252–281. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-92302021v28n9702pt
Cohen, L., & Duberley, J. (2015). Three faces of context and their implications for career: A study of public sector careers cut short. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 91, 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.10.006
Curado, C., Gonçalves, T., & Ribeiro, C. (2023). Validating Sustainable Career Indicators: A Case Study in a European Energy Company. Merits, 3(1), 230–247. https://doi.org/10.3390/merits3010014
Darouei, M. and Pluut, H. (2018). The paradox of being on the glass cliff: why do women accept risky leadership positions? Career Development International, 23(4), 397-426. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-01-2018-0024doi:10.2307/1229039
De Lange, A. H., Kooij, D. T. A. M., & Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. (2015). Human resource management and sustainability at work across the lifespan: An integrative perspective. In L. Finkelstein, D. Truxillo, F. Fraccaroli, & R. Kanfer (Eds.), Facing the challenges of a multi-age workforce: A use-inspired approach (pp. 50–79). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Deschacht, N., De Pauw, A.-S. and Baert, S. (2017). Do gender differences in career aspirations contribute to sticky floors. International Journal of Manpower, 38(4), 580-593. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-10-2015-0171
De Vos, A., Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M., & Akkermans, J. (2020). Sustainable careers: Towards a conceptual model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 117(March 2020), 103196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.06.011
De Vos, A., & Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. (2017). Current thinking on contemporary careers : the key roles of sustainable HRM and sustainability of careers. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 28(October), 41–50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.07.003
Docherty, P., Kira, M., & Shani, A. B. (Rami). (2009). Creating Sustainable Work System: Developing Social Sustainability (2nd Edition). Taylor and Francis.
Elliott, J. (2005). Interpreting people’s stories: Narrative approaches to the analysis of qualitative data. In Elliot J. (Ed.), Using narrative in social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (pp. 36–59). SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857020246.n3
Forrier, A., De Cuyper, N., & Akkermans, J. (2018). The winner takes it all, the loser has to fall: Provoking the agency perspective in employability research. Human Resource Management Journal, 28(4), 511–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12206
Fouad, N.A, Cotter, E.W, Carter, L, Bernfeld, S., Gray, L & Liu. J.P. (2012). A Qualitative Study of the Dislocated Working Class. Journal of Career Development. 39(3) 287-310
Fraga, A. M., & Rocha-de-Oliveira, S. (2020). Mobilities in the Labyrinth: Pressuring the Boundaries of Women’s Careers. Cadernos EBAPE.BR, 18(spe), 757–769. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-395120190141
Friedman, S. (2016). Habitus Clivé and the Emotional Imprint of Social Mobility. Sociological Review, 64(1) 129-147
Gaztambide-Fernández, R, VanderDussen, E & Cairns, K. (2014). “The Mall” and “the Plant”: Choice and the Classed Construction of Possible Futures in Two Specialized Arts Programs. Education and Urban Society. 46(1) 109-134
Greenhaus, J. H., Callanan, G. A., & Powell, G. N. (2024). Advancing Research on Career Sustainability. Journal of Career Development, 51(4), 478–497. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453241260871
Guimarães, A. S. A. (2003). Como trabalhar com “raça” em sociologia Antonio Sérgio Alfredo Guimarães. Educação e Pesquisa, 29(1), 93–107.
Gunz, H., Mayrhofer, W., & Tolbert, P. (2011). Career as a social and political phenomenon in the globalized economy. Organization Studies, 32(12), 1613–1620. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840611421239
Helal, D. H. (2005). Flexibilização organizacional e empregabilidade individual: proposição de um modelo explicativo. Cadernos EBAPE.BR, 3(1), 01–15. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-39512005000100006
Hickel, J., Hanbury Lemos, M., & Barbour, F. (2024). Unequal exchange of labour in the world economy. Nature Communications, 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49687-y
IBGE. (2019). Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua: Divulgação Especial Mulheres no Mercado de Trabalho 2018. https://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Trabalho_e_Rendimento/Pesquisa_Nacional_por_Amostra_de_Domicilios_continua/Estudos_especiais/Mulheres_no_Mercado_de_Trabalho_2018.pdf
IBGE. (2022). Coordenação de População e Indicadores Sociais: Desigualdades sociais por cor ou raça no Brasil. https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/informacoes-dos-produtos/informacoes-dos-produtos-notas-tecnicas/30253-desigualdades-sociais-por-cor-ou-raca-no-brasil-notas-tecnicas.html
IBGE. (2025). Boletim Mulheres no Mercado de Trabalho. https://www.gov.br/trabalho-e-emprego/pt-br/assuntos/estatisticas-trabalho/notas-tecnicas/boletim-mulheres-no-mercado-de-trabalho-e-divulgado-em-comemoracao-ao-dia-internacional-da-mul
ILO. (2016). Workplace stress: a collective challenge. https://www.ilo.org/safework/info/publications/WCMS_466547/lang--en/index.htm
ILO. (2023). Report Labour Overview 2022 for Latin America and the Caribbean. https://www.ilo.org/caribbean/newsroom/WCMS_867540/lang--en/index.htm
Ilmarinen, J. E. (2001). Aging workers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(8), 546–546. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.58.8.546
Ilmarinen, J., Tuomi, K., & Seitsamo, J. (2005). New dimensions of work ability. International Congress Series, 1280, 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2005.02.060
Johns, G. (2001). In praise of context. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.80
Jones, S. J. (2003) Complex subjectivities: Class, ethnicity, and race in women's narratives of upward mobility. Journal of Social Issues, 59(4), 803-820. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-4537.2003.00091.x
Kossek, E. E., Su, R., & Wu, L. (2017). “Opting Out” or “Pushed Out”? Integrating perspectives on women’s career equality for gender inclusion and interventions. Journal of Management, 43(1), 228–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316671582
Kossek, E. E., & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2020). Desperately seeking sustainable careers: Redesigning professional jobs for the collaborative crafting of reduced-load work. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 117(March 2020), 103315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.06.003
Laurison, D. & Friedman, S. (2016). The Class Pay Gap in Britain’s Higher Professional and Managerial Occupations. American Sociological Review, 81(4) 668–695
Lawrence, B. S., Hall, D. T., & Arthur, M. B. (2015). Sustainable careers then and now. In A. De Vos & B. I. J. M. Van der Heijden (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Sustainable Careers (pp. 432–450). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782547037.00033
Lima, A. F. (2014). História oral e narrativas de história de vida: a vida dos outros como material de pesquisa. In: Aluísio Ferreira Lima & Nadir Lara Junior N. (Eds.), Metodologias de pesquisa em psicologia social crítica (pp. 13-34). Sulina.
Loureiro, C. M. P., Da Costa, I. de S. A., & Freitas, J. A. de S. B. e. (2012). Trajetórias profissionais de mulheres executivas: qual o preço do sucesso? Revista de Ciências Da Administração, 14(33), 130–144. https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-8077.2012v14n33p130
Mainiero, L. A., & Gibson, D. E. (2018). The kaleidoscope career model revisited: How midcareer men and women diverge on authenticity, balance, and challenge. Journal of Career Development, 45(4), 361–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845317698223
Mauno, S., Kinnunen, U., Rantanen, J., & Mäkikangas, A. (2015). Work–family interface in atypical working arrangements. In A. De Vos & B. I. J. M. Van der Heijden (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Sustainable Careers (pp. 239–253). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782547037.00021
Mayrhofer, W., Meyer, M., & Steyrer, J. (2007). Contextual issues in the study of careers. In Gunz, H. & Peiperl M. (Eds.), Handbook of Career Studies (pp. 215–240). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412976107.n12
McDonald, K. S., Hite, L. M., & O’Connor, K. W. (2022). Developing sustainable careers for remote workers. Human Resource Development International, 25(2), 182–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2022.2047148
Meneghetti, F. K. (2011). O que é um ensaio-teórico? Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 15(2), 320–332. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1415-65552011000200010
Müller, C. V., Scheffer, A., Macke, J., & Vaclavik, M. C. (2022). Towards Career Sustainability: A Systematic Review to Guide Future Research. BAR - Brazilian Administration Review, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2022220108
Mutter, J., & Thorn, K. (2021). The stay-behind family: living with contemporary global mobility. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(16), 3502–3526. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1640767
ODS. (2025). Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. https://brasil.un.org/pt-br/sdgs
OECD. (2022). Education at a Glance 2022: OECD Indicators. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/3197152b-en.
Oliveira-Silva, L. C., Parreira, V. A. D. (2022) Barreiras e enfrentamentos de mulheres em carreiras predominantemente masculinas. Revista Estudos Feministas, Florianópolis, 30 (1), 10.1590/1806-9584-2022v30n174161
ONU (2025). Organização das Nações Unidas: Brasil tem volume de empregos e salários nos patamares pré-pandemia. https://news.un.org/pt/story/2025/02/1844956
Pereira, E. R., Pegoraro, R. F., & Rasera, E. F. (2017). Life History, Narrative Research and Testimonio: Perspectives in the Biographical Studies. Quaderns de Psicologia, 19(3), 277. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.1413
Piscitelli, A. (2009). Gênero: a história de um conceito. In: Almeida, H. B.; Szwako, J. E. (Eds). Diferenças, igualdade. Berlendis & Vertecchia.
Powell, G. N., Greenhaus, J. H., Allen, T. D., & Johnson, R. E. (2019). Introduction to special topic forum: Advancing and expanding work-life theory from multiple perspectives. The Academy of Management Review, 44(1), 54–71. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2018.0310
Riessman, C. K. (2012). Analysis of personal narratives. In J. Gubrium (Ed), The SAGE Handbook of Interview Research: The Complexity of the Craft (pp. 367–380). https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452218403.n26
Robinson, R. N. S., Martins, A., Solnet, D., & Baum, T. (2019). Sustaining precarity: critically examining tourism and employment. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(7), 1008–1025. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1538230
Setton, M. da G. J. (2002). A teoria do habitus em Pierre Bourdieu: uma leitura contemporânea. Revista Brasileira de Educação, 2(20), 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-24782002000200005
Scott, J. W. (2012). Os usos e abusos do gênero. Projeto História, São Paulo (45), 327-351.
Tams, S., Kennedy, J. C., Arthur, M. B., & Chan, K. Y. (2021). Careers in cities: An interdisciplinary space for advancing the contextual turn in career studies. Human Relations, 74(5), 635-655. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726720964261
Taylor, J. M., & Savickas, S. (2016). Narrative career counseling: My career story and pictorial narratives. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 97(68)–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.07.010
Thompson, M.N. & Subich, L.M. (2013) Development and Exploration of the Experiences With Classism Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 21(1) 139-158
UNHCR (2021) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees report 2021. https://www.unhcr.org/62a9d1494/global-trends-report-2021
Van der Heijden, B.I.J.M., & De Vos, A. (2015). Sustainable careers: introductory chapter. In A. De Vos, & B. I.J.M., Van der Heijden (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Sustainable Careers (pp. 1–19). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782547037.00006
Van der Heijden, B.I.J.M., De Vos, A., Akkermans, J., Spurk, D., Semeijn, J., Van der Velde, M., & Fugate, M. (2020). Sustainable careers across the lifespan: Moving the field forward. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 117(March, 2020), 103344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103344
Weber, M. (1982) Ensaios de Sociologia (5th ed). LTC – Livros Técnicos e Científicos Editora S.A.
Weber, M. (2004). Economia e sociedade: Fundamentos da sociologia compreensiva. Editora Universidade de Brasília.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Camila Vieira Müller, Angela Beatriz Busato Scheffer, Anna Paula Visentini, Aline Mendonça Fraga

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The author must ensure:
- that there is complete consensus among all co-authors to approve the final version of the paper and its submission for publication.
- that their work is original, and if the work and/or words of others have been used, these have been duly acknowledged.
Plagiarism in all its forms constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable. RCA reserves the right to use software or any other methods of plagiarism detection.
All submissions received for evaluation in the RCA journal are screened for plagiarism and self-plagiarism. Plagiarism identified in manuscripts during the evaluation process will result in the submission being archived. In the event of plagiarism being identified in a manuscript published in the journal, the Editor-in-Chief will conduct a preliminary investigation and, if necessary, retract it.
Authors grant RCA exclusive rights of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons (CC BY) 4.0 International License.

Authors are authorized to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (e.g., publishing in an institutional repository, on a personal website, publishing a translation, or as a chapter in a book), with an acknowledgement of its authorship and initial publication in this journal.
This license grants any user the right to:
Share – copy, download, print, or redistribute the material in any medium or format.
Adapt – remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
According to the following terms:
Attribution – You must give appropriate credit (cite and reference), provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
No additional restrictions – You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.