Trabalhadores no mundo: marinheiros indianos, c. de 1870-1940

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5007/1984-9222.2020.e76076

Resumo

A expansão da marinha mercante britânica na era do vapor foi estimulada pelo emprego de tripulações do subcontinente indiano. Entre os mais mal pagos do mercado, os marinheiros indianos eram os trabalhadores internacionais pioneiros que compunham quase um terço da força de trabalho na marinha britânica em 1937. Rotulados genericamente como “lascars”, seu emprego em regimes semelhantes a contratos firmados reforçou o status de “coolies”, promoveu a desoneração/desqualificação do trabalho marítimo e instituiu hierarquias racializadas no trabalho na marinha mercante, que perduram até hoje dentro e fora do setor. Este artigo apresenta um breve relato das condições de vida e de trabalho dos marinheiros subcontinentais, explora a atitude dos sindicatos britânicos em relação ao emprego dessas tripulações e destaca sua crucial contribuição para a expansão da navegação imperial britânica e, de maneira mais geral, para a dimensão marítima do poder imperial britânico.

Biografia do Autor

Gopalan Balachandran, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies

Doutor em História Econômica pela University of London. Professor no Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Genebra – Suíça.

Referências

BALACHANDRAN, G. Subaltern Cosmopolitanism, Racial Governance and Multiculturalism: Britain, c. 1900-45. Social History, v. 39, n. 4, dez. 2014.

BALACHANDRAN, G. Globalizing Labour? Indian Seafarers and World Shipping, c. 1870-1945. Delhi and Yet until recently Indian seafarers have languished as a historically invisible underclass. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

BALACHANDRAN, G. Making Coolies, (Un)making Workers: “Globalizing” Labour in the Late-19th and Early-20th Centuries. Journal of Historical Sociology, v. 24, n. 3, set. 2011.

BALACHANDRAN, G. Sovereignty, Subjectivities, Narrations: Nations and Other Stories from the Sea. International Journal of Maritime History, v. 21, n. 2, dez. 2009.

BROEZE, Frank. The Muscles of Empire: Indian Seamen and the Raj, 1919-1939. Indian Economic and Social History Review, v. 18, n. 1, 1981.

BURTON, V. C. Counting Seafarers: The Published Records of the Registry of Merchant Seamen. Mariner’s Mirror, v. 71, n. 3, 1985.

DAYAL, Rajeshwar. A Life of our Times. Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 1998.

DIXON, C. H. Seafarers and the Law: An Examination of Legislation on the British Merchant seamen’s Lot, 1580-1918. unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University College, London, 1981.

DIXON, Conrad. Lascars: The Forgotten Seamen. In: OMMER, Rosemary; PANTING, Gerald (eds). The Working Men Who Got Wet. St John’s: Newfoundland, 1980.

FISCHER-TINÉ, Harald. Flotsam and Jetsam of the Empire? In: TAMBE, Ashwini; FISCHER-TINÉ, Harald (eds). The Limits of British Colonial Control in South Asia. Abingdon: Routledge, 2008.

GARDEZI, Hassan N. (ed.). Chains to Lose: Life and Struggles of a Revolutionary – Memoirs of Dada Amir Haider Khan. New Delhi: Patriot Publishers, 1989.

GUPTA, Parthasarathi. Imperialism and the British Labour Movement, 1914-1964. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2002.

HARCOURT, Freda. The P&O Company: Flagships of Imperialism. In: PALMER, Sarah; WILLIAMS, Glyndwr (eds.). Charted and Uncharted Waters: Proceedings of a Conference on the Study of British Maritime History. London: National Maritime Museum and Queen Mary College, 1981

HARCOURT, Freda. British Oceanic Mail Contracts in the Age of Steam, 1838-1914. Journal of Transport History, v. 9, n. 1, 1988.

HEADRICK, Daniel. Tools of Empire: Technological Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850-1940. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.

HOPE, Ronald. A New History of British Shipping. London: John Murray, 1990.

LAND, Isaac. Customs Of The Sea: Flogging, Empire, and the “True British Seaman”, 1770 to 1870. Interventions, v. 3, n. 2, 2001.

LEW, Byron; CATER, Bruce. The Telegraph, Coordination of Tramp Shipping, and Growth in World Trade, 1870-1910. European Review of Economic History, v. 10, n. 1, 2006.

LIN, Chih-lung. British Shipping in the Orient, 1933-1939: Reasons for its failure to compete. International Journal of Maritime History, v. 20, n. 1, p. 153-172, jun. 2008.

KERR, Ian. Building the Railways of the Raj, 1850-1900. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995.

KORVIN, Gabor (ed.). Memoirs of Khawajah Muhammad Bux, Australian Businessman (traduzido do Urdu por Syed Haider Hassan), Rawalpindi, 2006.

MCLEAN, Douglas. Maritime Trucking: India’s Coastal Sailing Shipping on the Eve of the Great War. South Asia Research Unit, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley (W.A.), undated.

MILLIGAN, Barry. Pleasures and Pains: Opium and the Orient in 19th Century British Culture. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1995.

MUNRO, J. Forbes. Maritime Enterprise and Empire: Sir William Mackinnon and his Business Network, 1823-93. Suffolk: The Boydell Press, 2003.

STAPLES, A. C. Indian Maritime Transport in 1840. Indian Economic and Social History Review, v. 6, n. 1, p. 61-90, 1970.

TRAINOR, Luke. The Historians and Maritime Labour, c. 1850-1930. Research in Maritime History, n. 9, p. 277-94, dez. 1995.

Downloads

Publicado

2020-08-05

Como Citar

BALACHANDRAN, Gopalan. Trabalhadores no mundo: marinheiros indianos, c. de 1870-1940. Revista Mundos do Trabalho, Florianópolis, v. 12, p. 1–21, 2020. DOI: 10.5007/1984-9222.2020.e76076. Disponível em: https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/mundosdotrabalho/article/view/1984-9222.2020.e76076. Acesso em: 3 dez. 2024.

Edição

Seção

Artigos