Descriptive Representation in the Community of Madrid Assembly (1983-2019)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2022v30n175690Keywords:
descriptive representation, subnational parliaments, equality laws and quotasAbstract
This article aims to find out what practices have been carried out by the parties of the Community of Madrid to integrate women into the autonomous parliament between 1983-2019, and thus confirm whether the incorporation of women corresponds to a “quota” policy or the equality law. In this way, it will be possible to determine to what extent women’s integration is real, what effect the quotas or the equality law has had in this sense, or whether it has been the political parties that have really encouraged women's participation in politics.
Downloads
References
ALOZIE, Nicholas O; MANGANARO, Lynne L. “Women´s council representation: Measurement implications for public policy”. Political Research Quarterly, Reino Unido, v. 46, n. 2, p. 383-398, 1993.
ARCHENTI, Nélida; TULA, María Inés. “Algunas cuestiones iniciales sobre las leyes de cuotas”. In: ARCHENTI, Nélida; TULA, María Inés. (eds.). Mujeres y política en América Latina. Sistemas electorales y cuotas de género. Buenos Aires: Heliasta, 2008. p. 9-29.
BURNS, Nacy; SCHOLOZMAN, Kay Lehman; VERBA, Sidney. The private roots of public action: Gender, equality and political participation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001.
CAMPBELL, David E; WOLBRECHT, Christina. “See jane run: Women politicians as role models for adolescents”. Journal of Politics, Estado Unidos, v. 68, n. 2, p. 233-247, 2006.
CARROLL, Susan J.. The impact of women in public office. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.
CAUL, Miki. “Women´s representation in parliament: The role of political parties”. Party Politics, Reino Unido, v. 5, n. 1, p. 79-89, 1999.
CELIS, Karen; CHILDS, Sarah; KANTOLA, Johanna.; KROOK, Mona Lena. “Rethinking women´s substantive representation”. Representation, Nueva Zelanda, v. 44, n. 2, p. 99-110, 2008.
CHILDS, Sarah; KROOK, Mona Lena. “Analysing women´s substantive representation: From critical mass to critical actors”. Government and Opposition, Reino Unido, v. 44, n. 2, p. 125-145, 2009.
CHILDS, Sarah. New Labour´s women MPs: Women representing women. New York, Routledge, 2004.
DAHLERUP, Drude. “From a small to a large minority: Women in scandinavian politics”. Scandinavian Political Studies, Escandinavia, n. 4, p. 275-298, 1998.
DAHLERUP, Drude. Women, quotas and politics. London: Routledge, 2006.
DAVIDSON-SCHMICH, Louise K. “Implementation of political party gender quotas: Evidence from the German Länder, 1990-2000”. Party Politics, Reino Unido, v. 12, n. 2, p. 211-232, 2006.
DODSON, Debra L. The impact of women in Congress. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
DOVI, Suzanne. “Preferable descriptive representatives: Will just any woman, black, ¿or latino do?”. The American Political Science Review, Estados Unidos, v. 96, n. 4, p. 729-743, 2002.
DUVERGER, Maurice. Political parties: Their organization and activities in the modern state. London: Methuen, 1954.
ESPAÑA. Constitución del Reino de España, 1978. (1ª. ed.). Madrid: Boletín Oficial del Estado, 1978.
GRAY, Sandra. “Numbers and beyond. The relevance of critical mass in gender research”. Politics & Gender, Reino Unido, v. 2, n. 4, p. 492-502, 2006.
HINOJOSA, Magda. Selecting women, electing women. Political representation and candidate selection in Latin America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2012.
HTUN, Mala; POWER, Timoty J.. “Gender parties, and support for equal rights in the Brazilian Congress”. Latin American Politics and Society, Estados Unidos, v. 48, n. 4, p. 83-104, 2006.
HTUN, Mala; WELDON, Laura S.. “The civic origins of progressive policy change: Combating violence against women in global perspective, 1975-2005”. American Political Science Review, Estados Unidos, v. 106, n. 3, p. 548-569, 2012.
JONES, Mark P.. “El sistema de cuotas y la elección de las mujeres en América Latina: El papel fundamental del sistema electoral”. In: SAVEDRA RUIZ, Paloma (ed.). La democracia paritaria en la construcción europea. Madrid: CELEM, 2009. p. 32-56.
KONING, Edward. “Women for women´s sake: Assesing symbolic and substantive effects of descriptive representation in the Netherlands”. Acta Politica, Países Bajos, v. 44, n. 2, p. 171-191, 2009.
KROOK, Mona Lena; FRANCESCHET, Susan; PISCOPO, Jennifer M. The impact of gender quotas: A research agenda. In: EUROPEAN CONFERENCIE ON POLITICS AND GENDER, 1, 2009, Belfast, Queen’s University. Anales… Belfast: Queen’s University, 2009. p. 1-35.
KROOK, Mona Lena; NORRIS, Pippa. “Beyond quotas: Strategies to promote gender equality in elected office”. Political Studies, Reino Unido, v. 62, p. 2-20, 2014.
KUNOVICH, Sheri; PAXTON, Pamela. “Pathways to power: The role of political parties in women’s national political representation”. American Journal of Sociology, Estados Unidos, v. 111, n. 2, p. 505-552, 2005.
LARSEUD, Stina; TAPHORN, Rita. Diseño para lograr la igualdad. Combinaciones más idóneas, medianamente idóneas y no favorables de los sistemas electorales y cuota de género. Estocolmo: Internacional IDEA, 2007.
LOMBARDO, Emanuela; MEIER, Peter. The symbolic representation of gender. London: Ashgate, 2014.
LOVENDUSKI, Joni. “Women and politics: Minority representation or critical mass”. In: NORRIS, Pippa. (ed.). Britain Votes 2001. Oxford, OUP, 2001.
MATLAND, Richard E; STUDLAR, Donley. “The contagion of women candidates in single-member districts and proportional representation: Canada and Norway”. Journal of Politics, Estados Unidos, n. 58, p. 707-733, 1996.
MATLAND, Richard E. “Institutional variables affecting female representation in national legislatures: The case of Norway”. Journal of Politics, Estados Unidos, n. 55, p. 737-755, 1993.
MEIER, Peter. “Quotas, quotas everywhere: From party regulations to gender quotas from corporate management boards. Another case of contagian”. Representation, Países Bajos, v. 49, n. 4, p. 453-466, 2013.
MORALES DÍEZ, Laura. “¿Existe una crisis participativa? La evolución de la participación política y el asociacionismo en España”. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, España, n. 13, p. 51-87, 2005.
MURRAY, Rainbow. “Second among unequals? A study of whether France´s quota women are up to the job”. Politics & Gender, Reino Unido, v. 16, n. 1, p. 93-118, 2010.
NORRIS, Pippa; LOVENDUSKI, Joni. Blair´s Babes: Critical mass theory, gender and legislative life. In: WOMEN AND PUBLICH POLICY PROGRAM WEEKLY SEMINARY, 2001, Cambridge, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Cambridge: Harvard University/Kennedy School of Government, September 28, 2001. p. 1-16.
NORRIS, Pippa. Electoral engineering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
NORRIS, Pippa; INGLEHART, Ronald. “Cultural obstacles to equal representation”. Journal of Democracy, Estados Unidos, v. 12, n. 3, p. 126-140, 2001.
NOVO VÁZQUEZ, Amparo; COBO CARRASCO, Mercedes; GAYOSO RICO, Luis A. “La participación en política de la mujer: Un estudio de caso”. Revista de Sociología e Política, España, v. 19, n. 38, p. 187-203, 2011.
OAKES, Anna; ALMQUIST, Elizabeth. “Women in national legislatures. A cross-national test of macrostructural gender theories”. Population Research and Policy Review, Estados Unidos, v. 12, n. 1, p. 71-81, 1993.
PASTOR YUSTE, Raquel. Género, élites políticas y representación parlamentaria en España. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch, 2011.
PHILLIPS, Anne. The politics of presence. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.
PITKIN, Hanna F. The concept of representation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.
POMARES, Julia. “Los techos de billetes entre las mujeres y la política”. La Nación, 8 de junio de 2014. In: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1698865-un-techo-de-billetes-entre-las-mujeres-y-la-politica
RANDALL, Vicky. Women and politics: An internacional perspective. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987.
REINGOLD, Beth. Representing women: Sex, gender and legislative behavior in Arizona and California. London: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
ROIG I BERENGUER, Rosa María. La élite parlamentaria femenina en el parlamento de Cataluña. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch, 2009.
SÁNCHEZ MEDERO, Gema. “La estrategia del PP y PSOE para incorporar a las mujeres en la política nacional (1979-2008)”. Barataria, España, n. 11, p. 101-120, 2010.
SANTANA, Andrés; COLLER, Xavier; AGUILAR, Susana. “Las parlamentarias regionales en España: masa crítica, experiencia parlamentaria e influencia política”. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, España, n. 149, p. 111-130, 2015.
SCHWINDT-BAYER, Leslie A.; MISHLER, William. “An integrated model of women´s representation”. The Journal of Politics, Estados Unidos, v. 67, n. 2, p. 407-428, 2005.
SERRA CRISTÓBAL, Rosario. “La presencia de mujeres en los parlamentos autonómicos. La efectividad de las medidas de paridad adoptadas por los partidos políticos y por el legislador”. Revista de Estudios Políticos, España, n. 141, p. 161-195, 2008.
STUDLAR, Donley T; MCALLISTER, Ian. “Does a critical mass exist? A comparative analysis of women´s legislative representation since 1950”. European Journal of Political Research, Suiza, v. 41, n. 2, p. 233-253, 2002.
THOMAS, Sue; WELCH, Susan. “The impact of gender on activities and priorities of state legislators”. Western Political Quarterly, Estados Unidos, v. 44, n. 2, p. 445-456, 1991.
THOMAS, Sue. How woman legislate. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
TREMBLAY, Manon; PELLETIER, Réjean. “More feminist or more women?: Descriptive and substantive representations of women in the 1997 Canadian Federal Elections”. International Political Science Review, Reino Unido, v. 21, n. 4, p. 381-405, 2000.
VALIENTE FERNÁNDEZ, Celia; RAMIRO FERNÁNDEZ, Luis; MORALES DÍEZ, Laura. “Mujeres en el parlamento: Un análisis de las desigualdades de género en el Congreso de los Diputados”. Revista de Estudios Políticos, España, n. 121, p. 179-208, 2003.
VERGE, Tania. “Cuotas voluntarias y legales en España: La paridad a examen”. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, España, n. 123, p. 123-150, 2008.
VERGE, Tania. “Cuotas de género y reclutamiento político. Análisis del parlamento de Catalunya (1980-2010)”. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, España, n. 26, p. 143-174, 2011.
VERGE, Tania. “Regulating gender equality in political office in southern Europe: The case of Greece, Portugal and Spain”. Representation, Países Bajos, v. 49, n. 4, p. 439-452, 2013.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Revista Estudos Feministas
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Revista Estudos Feministas is under the Creative Commons International 4.0 Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), that allows sharing the work with recognition of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
The license allows:
Sharing (copying and redistributing the material in any support or format) and/or adapting (remixing, transforming, and creating from the material) for any purpose, even if commercial.
The licensor cannot revoke these rights provided the terms of the license are respected. The terms are the following:
Attribution – you should give the appropriate credit, provide a link to the license and indicate if changes were made. This can be done in several ways without suggesting that the licensor has approved of the use.
Without additional restrictions – You cannot apply legal terms or technological measures that prevent others from doing something allowed by the license.