Mineração de carvão, migração e etnicidade: uma história global
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5007/1984-9222.2015v7n14p13Resumo
Em todo o mundo, empresas de mineração defrontaram-se com a escassez de mão de obra e tiveram de encontrar maneiras de recrutar um número suficiente de trabalhadores para as suas minas. As soluções adotadas variaram desde o envolvimento de camponeses em tempo parcial, cooptação de trabalhadores mediada por empreiteiros de mão de obra, sistemas de trabalho forçado, e até migração nacional e internacional sob regulação estatal. A importância desses tipos de “intervenção institucional” na mobilização de mão de obra para as minas de carvão é ilustrada com exemplos de diferentes partes do mundo. Os esforços para encontrar novos trabalhadores para as minas muitas vezes resultaram no recrutamento de grupos étnicos considerados de status social inferior, não só porque de origem rural e não qualificados, mas também porque vistos como inferiores do ponto de vista cultural ou étnico. Nesse aspecto, houve uma enorme diferença com relação à imigração e à fixação de mineiros qualificados, como os da Grã-Bretanha e de outros países. Diferenças étnicas eram associadas frequentemente à diversidade de status e de conhecimento técnico do ofício. Embora existam muitos exemplos de solidariedade e de cooperação interétnica, dependendo do período e das circunstâncias, as diferenças podem ter um efeito profundo sobre as relações sociais em comunidades mineiras.
Referências
ALEXANDER, Peter. “Challenging Cheap-labour Theory: Natal and Transvaal Coal Miners, ca 1890-1950”. Labor History, vol. 49, nº 1 (2008), pp. 47-70.
ALEXANDER, Peter. “Oscillating Migrants, ‘Detribalised Families’ and Militancy: Mozambicans on Witbank Collieries, 1918-1927”. Journal of Southern African Studies, vol. 27, nº 3 (2001).
ARENTS, Tom e TSUNEISHI, Noriiko. “The Uneven Recruitment of Korean Miners in Japan in the 1910s and 1920s. Employment Strategies of the Miike and Chikuhō Coal Mining Companies”. International Review of Social History, vol. 60, edição especial S1, dezembro de 2015, pp. 121-143.
ARNESEN, Eric. “Up from Exclusion: Black and White Workers, Race, and the State of Labor History”. Reviews in American History, vol. 26, nº 1 (1998), pp. 146-174.
ASHTON, Thomas S.; SYKES, Joseph. The Coal Industry of the Eighteenth Century. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1929.
AZZOUZI, Karim. “Les Marocains dans l’industrie charbonnière belge”, Brood en Rozen. Tijdschrift voor de geschiedenis van sociale bewegingen, vol. 9 (2004), p. 35-53.
BARENDSE, Michael A. “American Perceptions Concerning Slavic Immigrants in the
Pennsylvania Anthracite Fields, 1880-1910: Some Comments on the Sociology of Knowledge”. Ethnicity, vol. 8 (1981), pp. 96-105.
BEIK, Mildred A. “The UMWA and New Immigrant Miners in Pennsylvania Bituminous: The Case of Windber”. In: LASLETT, John H.M. (org.). The United Mine Workers of America: A Model of Industrial Solidarity? University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press/Pennsylvania State University Libraries, 1996.
BELSHAW, John Douglas. Colonization and community: The Vancouver Island coalfield and the making of the British Columbian working class. Montreal: Mcgill-Queens University Press, 2002.
BELSHAW, John. “The British Collier in British Columbia: Another Archetype Reconsidered”, Labour/Le Travail, vol. 34 (1994), pp. 11-36.
BEYERS, Leen. Iedereen zwart: het samenleven van nieuwkomers en gevestigden in de mijncité Zwartberg, 1930-1990. Amsterdam: Aksant, 2010.
BEYERS, Leen. “From Class to Culture: Immigration, Recession, and Daily Ethnic Boundaries in Belgium, 1940s-1990s”. International Review of Social History, vol. 53 (2008), pp. 37-61.
BEYERS, Leen. “Everyone black? Ethnic, class and gender identities at street level in a Belgian mining town, 1930-50”. In: BERGER, Stefan, CROLL, Andy e LAPORTE, Norman (orgs.). Towards a comparative history of coalfield societies. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005.
BERG, Aloys. “Polen und Türken im Ruhrkohlenbergbau. Ein Vergleich zweier Wanderungsvorgänge mit einer Fallstudie über ‘Türken im Ruhrgebiet’”. (Tese de Doutorado, Universidade de Bochum, 1990).
BERGER, Stefan; CROLL, Andy e LA PORTE, Norman (orgs). Towards a comparative History of Coalfield Societies. Londres: Routledge, 2005.
BLECKING, Diethelm. “Integration through Sports? Polish Migrants in the Ruhr Area, Germany”, International Review of Social History, vol. 60, edição especial S1, dezembro de 2015, pp. 275-293.
BLECKING, Diethelm. “Polish Community before the First World War and Present-day Turkish Community Formation: Some Thoughts on a Diachronistic Comparison”. In: BELCHEM, John; TENFELDE, Klaus (orgs). Irish and Polish Migration in Comparative Perspective. Essen: Klartext-Verlag, 2003.
BULMER, Martin. “Sociological Models of the Mining Community”. Sociological Review,
vol. 23, nº 1 (1975), pp. 61-92.
CAESTECKER, Frank. Alien Policy in Belgium, 1840-1940: The Creation of Guest Workers, Refugees and Illegal Aliens. New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2000.
CAMPBELL, Alan B. The Lanarkshire Miners: A Social History of their Trade Unions 1775-1874. Edinburgh: Donald, 1979.
CEGARRA, Marie. “Récession et immigration: les mineurs marocains dans les mines de charbon du Nord/Pas-de-Calais”. In: ECK, Jean-François: FRIEDEMANN Peter e LAUSCHKE, Karl (orgs). La reconversion des bassins charbonniers. Une comparison interrégionale entre la Ruhr et le Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Villeneuve-d’Ascq, 2006.
CEGARRA, M. et al. Tous gueules noires. Histoire de l’immigration dans le bassin minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Lewarde: Centre historique minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais, 2004.
CEGARRA, Marie. La mémoire confisquée: les mineurs marocains dans le Nord de la France. Villeneuve-d’Ascq: Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 1999.
CRANSSEN, Tanja. “Marokkaanse mijnwerkers in Limburg, 1963-1975”. Studies over de sociaaleconomische geschiedenis van Limburg/Jaarboek van het Sociaal Historisch Centrum voor Limburg, XLVIII (2003).
CROSS, Gary S. Immigrant Workers in Industrial France: The Making of a New Laboring Class. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983.
CULTER, Suzanne. Managing Decline: Japan’s Coal Industry Restructuring and Community Response. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999.
DAMIANI, Rudy. “Les Italiens: une immigration d’appoint”. In: CEGARRA, M. et al. Tous gueules noires. Histoire de l’immigration dans le bassin minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Lewarde: Centre historique minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais, 2004.
DAMIANI, Rudy. “Les Italiens du bassin minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais de 1939 à 1945”. In: MILZA, Pierre; PESCHANSKI, Denis (orgs). Exils et migration. Italiens et Espagnols en France, 1938-1946. Paris: L’Harmattan,1994.
DENNIS, Norman; HENRIQUES, Fernando; SLAUGHTER, Clifford. Coal is our Life: An Analysis of a Yorkshire Mining Community. Londres: Tavistock, 1956.
DEPREZ, Marcel et al. “Siamo tutti neri!“: des hommes contre du charbon: études et témoignages sur l‘immigration italienne en Wallonie. Seraing: Institut d‘histoire ouvrière, économique et sociale, 1998; CEGARRA, M. et al. Tous gueules noires. Histoire de l’immigration dans le bassin minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Lewarde: Centre historique minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais, 2004.
ERMAN, Erwiza. “Generalized Violence: A Case Study of the Ombilin Coal Mines, 1892-1996”. In: COLOMBIJN, Freek e LINDBLAD, Thomas J. (orgs). Roots of Violence in Indonesia: Contemporary Violence in Historical Perspective. Leiden: KITLV, 2002.
ERMAN, Erwiza. Miners, Managers and the State: A Socio-political History of the Ombilin Coal-Mines, West Sumatra, 1892-1996. (Tese de Doutorado, Universidade de Amsterdam, 1999).
FIRST, Ruth. Black Gold: The Mozambican Miner, Proletarian and Peasant. Manchester: Palgrave Macmillan, 1983.
FISHBACK, Price V. Soft Coal, Hard Choices: The Economic Welfare of Bituminous Coal Miners, 1890-1930. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
FRIEDGUT, Theodore H. Iuzovka and Revolution. Vol. I: Life and Work in Russia’s Donbass, 1869-1924. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.
GALLORO, Piero-D.; PASCUTTO, Tamara; SERRE, Alexia, Mineurs algériens et marocains. Une autre mémoire du charbon lorrain. Paris: Autrement, 2011.
GILBERT David. “Imagined Communities and Mining Communities”. Labour History Review, vol. 60, nº 2 (1995), pp. 47-55.
GOLLAN, Robin. The Coalminers of New South Wales. A History of the Union, 1860-1960. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1963.
GOTTLIEB, Amy Zahl. “Immigration of British Coal Miners in the Civil War Decade”, International Review of Social History, vol. 23 (1978), pp. 357-375.
HACQUEBORD, Louwrens (org.). Lashipa: History of Large Scale Resource Exploration in Polar Areas. Gronigen: Gronigen University Press, 2012.
HARTNELL, Cameron C. “Arctic Network Builders: The Arctic Coal Company’s Operations on Spitsbergen and Its Relationship with the Environment”. (Tese de doutorado, Michigan Technological University, 2009).
Disponível em http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1288&context=etds.
HEIN, Laura E. Fueling Growth: The Energy Revolution and Economic Policy in Postwar Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1990.
HYSLOP, Jonathan. “Scottish Labour, Race, and Southern African Empire c. 1880-1922: A Reply to Kenefick”, International Review of Social History, vol. 55 (2010), pp. 63-81.
HYSLOP, Jonathan. “The Imperial Working Class Makes Itself ‘White’: White Labourism in Britain, Australia, and South Africa before the First World War”, Journal of Historical Sociology, vol. 12 (1999), pp. 398-421.
IRISH, Ann B. Hokkaido: A History of Ethnic Transition and Development on Japan’s Northern Island. North Carolina: McFarland, 2009.
JAFFE, James A. The Struggle for Market Power: Industrial Relations in the British Coal Industry, 1800-1840. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp. 54-56.
JEEVES, Alan. Migrant Labour in South Africa’s Mining Economy: The Struggle for the Gold Mines’ Labour Supply 1890-1920. Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1985.
KAHVECI, Erol. “Migration, Ethnicity, and Divisions of Labour in the Zonguldak Coalfield, Turkey”. International Review of Social History v. 60, edição especial S1, (dezembro, 2015), pp. 207-226.
KAZUO, Nimura. The Ashio Riot of 1907: A Social History of Mining in Japan. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997.
KAWASHIMA, Ken C. The Proletarian Gamble: Korean Workers in Interwar Japan. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009.
KELLY, Brian. Race, Class, and Power in the Alabama Coalfields, 1908-21. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001.
KENEFICK, William. “Confronting White Labourism: Socialism, Syndicalism, and the Role of the Scottish Radical Left in South Africa before 1914”, International Review of Social History, vol. 55 (2010), pp. 29-62.
KIRK, Neville. “The Rule of Class and the Power of Race: Socialist Attitudes to Class, Race and Empire”, in KIRK, Neville. Comrades and Cousins: Globalization, Workers and Labour Movements in Britain, the USA and Australia from the 1880s to 1914. London: Merlin, 2003.
KLESSMANN, Christoph. “Comparative Immigrant History: Polish Workers in the Ruhr Area and the North of France”. Journal of Social History, vol. 20, nº 2 (1986), pp. 335-353;
KLESSMANN, Christoph. Polnische Bergarbeiter im Ruhrgebiet 1870-1945. Soziale Integration und nationale Subkultur einer Minderheit in der deutschen Industriegesellschaft. Göttingen, 1978.
KULCZYCKI, John J. ‘The Polish Coal Miners’ Union and the German Labor Movement in the Ruhr, 1902-1934: National and Social Solidarity. Oxford: Berg, 1997.
KULCZYCKI, John J. The Foreign Worker and the German Labor Movement: Xenophobia and Solidarity in the Coal Fields of the Ruhr, 1871-1914. Providence: Berg Publishers, 1994.
KUSAGA, Yutaka. Transfer and Development of Coal-mine Technology in Hokkaido. Tokyo: United Nations University, 1982.
LANDAU, Julia. “Specialists, Spies, ‘Special Settlers’, and Prisoners of War. Social Frictions in the Kuzbas (USSR), 1920-1950. International Review of Social History, vol. 60, edição especial S1, dezembro de 2015, pp. 185-205.
LANGEWEG, Serge. Mijnbouw en arbeidsmarkt in Nederlands-Limburg. Herkomst, werving, mobiliteit en binding van mijnwerkers tussen 1900 en 1965. Hilversum: Verloren, 2011.
LANGE, Tesseltje de. Staat, markt en migrant. De regulering van arbeidsmigratie naar Nederland 1945-2006. Amsterdam: Boom Juridische uitgevers, 2007.
LASLETT, John H.M. Colliers Across the Sea: A Comparative Study of Class Formation in Scotland and the American Midwest, 1830-1924. Urbana/Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000.
LASLETT, John H.M. “British Immigrant Colliers, and the Origins and Early Development of the UMWA, 1870-1912”. In: LASLETT, John H.M. (org.). The United Mine Workers of America: A Model of Industrial Solidarity? University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press/Pennsylvania State University Libraries, 1996.
LEBOUTTE, René. “Coal Mining, Foreign Workers and Mine Safety: Steps towards European Integration, 1946-85”. BERGER, Stefan; CROLL, Andy e LA PORTE, Norman (orgs). Towards a comparative History of Coalfield Societies. Londres: Routledge, 2005.
LETWIN, Daniel. The Challenge of Interracial Unionism: Alabama Coal Miners, 1878-1921. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
LEWIS, Ronald L. “Networking among Welsh Coal Miners in Nineteenth-century America”. In: BERGER, Stefan; CROLL, Andy; LAPORTE, Norman (orgs). Towards a Comparative History of Coalfield Societies. Aldershot:
Ashgate, 2005.
LEWIS, Ronald L. Welsh Americans: A History of Assimilation in the Coalfields. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008.
LEWIS, Ronald L. “From Peasant to Proletarian: The Migration of Southern Blacks to the Central Appalachian Coalfields”. The Journal of Southern History, vol. 55, nº 1 (1989), pp. 77-102.
LEWIS, Ronald L. Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict 1780-1980. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1987.
LICHTENSTEIN, Alex. “Herbert Hill and the ‘Negro Question’”, Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas, vol. 3, nº 2 (2006), pp. 33-39.
LICHTENSTEIN, Alex. Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South. London: Verso, 1996.
LINDEN, Marcel Van den. Globalizing Labour Historiography – The IISH Approach. Amsterdam:
International Institute of Social History, 2002.
LUCASSEN, Leo. “Poles and Turks in the German Ruhr Area: Similarities and Differences”. In: LUCASSEN, Leo; FELDMAN, David; OLTMER, Jochen (orgs). Paths of Integration: Migrants in Western Europe (1880-2004). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2006.
LUCASSEN, Leo. The Immigrant Threat: The Integration of Old and New Migrants in Western Europe since 1850. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2005.
MAC EWAN, Paul. Miners and Steelworkers. Labour in Cape Breton. Toronto: St Stevens: 1976.
McCOOK, Brian. The Borders of Integration: Polish Migrants in Germany and the United States, 1870-1924. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2011.
MCEWEN, Ellen. “Coalminers in Newcastle, New South Wales: A labour aristocracy?”. In: FRY, Eric (org.). Common Cause. Essays in Australian and New Zealand Labour History. Sydney: Port Nicholson Press, 1986.
MATHIAS, Regine. Industrialisierung und Lohnarbeit. Der Kohlebergbau in Nord-Kyūshū und sein Einfluss auf die Herausbildung einer Lohnarbeiterschaft. Vienna: Institut für Japanologie da Universidade de Vienna, 1978.
MOODIE, T. Dunbar; NDATSHE, Vivienne. Going for Gold: Men, Mines, and Migration. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
MORELLI, Anne. “L’appel à la main d’oeuvre italienne pour les charbonnages et sa prise en charge à son arrivée en Belgique dans l’immédiat après-guerre”. Revue Belge d’Histoire Contemporaine, XIX (1988).
MUISE, Del. “The Making of an Industrial Community: Cape Breton Coal Towns, 1867-
”. In: Cape Breton Historical Essays. Sydney Ca.: Cape Breton Press, 1981.
MURPHY, Richard C. Guestworkers in the German Reich: A Polish Community in Wilhelmian Germany. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.
NELSON, Bruce. “Class, Race and Democracy in the CIO: The ‘New’ Labor History Meets the ‘Wages of Whiteness’”, International Review of Social History, vol. 41 (1996), pp. 351-374.
NISHINARITA, Yukata. Technological Change and Female Labour in Japan. Tokyo; New York: United Nations University Press, 1994.
ONSELEN, Charles van. Chibaro: African Mine Labour in Southern Rhodesia 1900-1933. London: Pluto Press, 1980.
PENTER, Tanja. Kohle für Stalin und Hitler. Arbeiten und Leben im Donbass 1929-1953. Essen: Klartext, 2010.
PHIMISTER, Ian. “Global Labour History in the Twenty-First Century: Coal Mining and Its Recent Past”. In: LUCASSEN, Jan (org.). Global Labour History. A State of the Art. Bern: Switzerland/New York: Peter Lang, 2006.
PHIMISTER, Ian. Wangi Kolia: Coal, Capital and Labour in Colonial Zimbabwe 1894-1954. Harare/Johannesburg: Baobab Books, 1994.
PIQUET, Nathalie. Charbon –Travail forcé – Collaboration. Der nordfranzösische und belgische Bergbau unter deutscher Besatzung, 1940 bis 1944. Essen: Klartext, 2008.
PONTY, Janine. Polonais méconnus. Histoire des travailleurs immigrés en France dans l’entre-deux guerres. Paris: Sorbonne, 1988.
QUATAERT, Donald. Miners and the state in the Ottoman Empire. The Zonguldak Coalfield, 1822-1920. New York: Berghahn Books, 2006.
RASS, Christoph; WÖLTERING, Florian. “Migration und Sozialregion: Wanderungsbeziehungen zwischen europäischen und außereuropäischen Bergrevieren”. In: WESTERMANN, Angelika (org.). Montanregion als Sozialregion. Zur gesellschaftlichen Dimension von “Region” in der Montanwirtschaft. Husum: Matthiesen Verlag, 2012.
RASS, Christoph. “Temporary Labour Migration and State-Run Recruitment of Foreign Workers in Europe, 1919-1975: A New Migration Regime?”. International Review of Social History, vol. 57 (2012), pp. 191-224.
RASS, Christoph. Institutionalisierunsprozesse auf einem internationalen Arbeitsmarkt: Bilaterale Wanderungsverträge in Europa zwischen 1919 and 1974. Paderborn: Schöningh, 2010.
RAWE, Kai. “… wir werden sie schon zur Arbeit bringen!”. Ausländerbeschäftigung und Zwangsarbeit im Ruhrkohlenbergbau während des Ersten Weltkrieges. Essen: Klartext, 2005.
REID, Donald. “The Limits of Paternalism: ‘Immigrant Coal Miners’ Communities in France, 1919-45”, European History Quarterly, vol. 15 (1985), pp. 99-118.
RICHARDSON, Len. Coal, class and community: the United Mineworkers of New Zealand, 1880-1960. Auckland: Auckland University Press, 1995.
ROEDIGER, David R.; ESCH, Elizabeth D. The Production of Difference: Race and the Management of Labor in U.S. History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
ROEDIGER, David R. The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class. New York: Verso, 1991.
ROY, Delwin A. “Labour and Trade Unionism in Turkey: The Eregli Coalminers”. Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 12, nº 3 (1976), pp. 125-172, 126-134.
SEAGER, Allen e PERRY, Adele. “Mining the Connections: Class, Ethnicity, and Gender in
Nanaimo, British Columbia, 1891”, Histoire Sociale/Social History, vol. 30 (1997), pp. 55-76.
SIMEON, Dilip. “Coal and Colonialism: Production Relations in an Indian Coalfield, c. 1895-1947”. International Review of Social History, vol. 41, edição especial S4 (1996), pp. 83-108.
SIMEON, Dilip. The Politics of Labour Under Late Colonialism: Workers, Unions and the State in Chota Nagpur 1928-1939. New Delhi: Manohar 1995.
SIMMONS, C.P. “Recruiting and Organizing an Industrial Labour Force in Colonial India: The Case of the Coal Mining Industry, c. 1880-1939”. The Indian Economic and Social History Review, vol. 13 (1976), pp. 455-585, 458-460.
SINCLAIR, Upton. King Coal: A Novel. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1917.
SLABY, Philip. “Dissimilarity Breeds Contempt: Ethnic Paternalism, Foreigners, and the State in Pas-de-Calais Coalmining, France, 1920s”. International Review of Social History, vol. 60, edição especial S1, dezembro de 2015, pp. 227-251.
SLABY, Philip H. Industry, the State, and Immigrant Poles in Industrial France, 1919-1939. Ann Arbor: ProQuest Information and Learning Company, 2005.
SMITH, W. Donald. “Beyond the Bridge on the River Kwai: Labor Mobilization in the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere”. International Labor and Working-Class History, vol. 58 (2000), pp. 219-238.
SMITH, W. Donald. “The 1932 Asō Coal Strike: Korean-Japanese Solidarity
and Conflict”. Korean Studies, vol. 20 (1996), pp. 94-122.
SPERANZA, Clarice G. “European Workers in Brazilian Coal Mining, Rio Grande do Sul, 1850-1950”, International Review of Social History, vol. 60, edição especial S1, dezembro de 2015, pp. 165-183.
STOTTROP, Ulrike (org.). Kohle Global. Eine Reise in die Reviere der Anderen. Katalog zur Ausstellung im Ruhr Museum vom 15. April bis 24. November 2013. Essen: Klartext-Verlagsges, 2013.
TAYLOR, Arthur J. “The Sub-contract System in the British Coal Industry”. In: PRESSNELL, Leslie S. (org.). Studies in the Industrial Revolution Presented to T.S. Ashton. London: Athlone Press, 1960.
TEH, Limin. “Labor Control and Mobility in Japanese-Controlled Fushun Coalmine (China), 1907-1932”, International Review of Social History, vol.60, edição especial S1, dezembro de 2015, pp. 95-119.
TENFELDE, Klaus. “Schmelztiegel Ruhrgebiet? Polnische und türkische Arbeiter im Bergbau: Integration und Assimilation in der montanindustriellen Erwerbsgesellschaft”. Mitteilungsblatt des Instituts fūr soziale Bewegungen, vol. 36 (2006), pp. 7-28.
TENFELDE, Klaus e SEIDEL, Hans-Christoph (orgs). Zwangsarbeit im Bergwerk. Der Arbeitseinsatz im Kohlenbergbau des Deutschen Reiches und der besetzten Gebiete im Ersten und Zweiten Weltkrieg, Band I: Forschungen. Essen: Klartext 2005.
TENFELDE, Klaus. “The Miners’ Community and the Community of Mining Historians”. TENFELDE, Klaus (org.), Towards a Social History of Mining in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Munich: Beck, 1992.
TREMPE, Rolande. “La politique de la main-d’oeuvre de la Libération à nos jours en France”. Revue Belge d’Histoire Contemporaine, XIX (1988), pp. 55-82.
TROTTER, Joe W. “The Dynamics of Race and Ethnicity in the U.S. Coal Industry”. International Review of Social History, vol. 60, edição especial S1, dezembro de 2015, pp. 145-164.
TROTTER, Joe William. Coal, Class, and Color: Blacks in Southern West Virginia, 1915-32. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990.
VERSTEEGH, Pien. De onvermijdelijke afkomst? De opname van Polen in het Duits, Belgisch en Nederlands mijnbedrijf in de periode 1920-1930. Hilversum: Verloren, 1994.
WALT, Lucien van der. “The First Globalisation and Transnational Labour Activism in Southern Africa: White Labourism, the IWW, and the ICU, 1904-1934”, African Studies, vol. 66 (2007), pp. 223-251.
WEBB, Sydney. The Story of the Durham Miners (1662-1921). London: Labour Publishing, 1921.
WEINER, Michael A. The Origins of the Korean Community in Japan, 1910-23. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1989.
WOODRUM, Robert H. Everybody Was Black Down There: Race and Industrial Change in the Alabama Coalfields. Athens Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 2007.
WRIGHT, Tim. Coal Mining in China’s Economy and Society 1895-1937. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
WRIGHT, Tim. “‘A Method of Evading Management’ – Contract Labor in Chinese Coal Mines before 1937”. Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 23 (1981), pp. 656-678.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Os autores cedem à Revista Mundos do Trabalho os direitos exclusivos de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 International. Esta licença permite que terceiros remixem, adaptem e criem a partir do trabalho publicado, atribuindo o devido crédito de autoria e publicação inicial neste periódico. Os autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada neste periódico (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional, em site pessoal, publicar uma tradução, ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial neste periódico.
