Audio Subtitling
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2023.e96477Keywords:
audiovisual translation, media accessibility, audio description, subtitling, voice-overAbstract
This is a translation of the text “L’audiosubtitulació”, from Catalan to Brazilian Portuguese, initially published as a chapter of the book Accessibilitat i traducció audiovisual by Eumo Editorial (Matamala, 2019). In this paper, initially the author defines what audio subtitling is, classifies the types, presents the characteristics and guidelines, and finally summarizes the main research carried out on this mode of audiovisual translation. The aim of this translation is to present to Brazilian readers a mode of audiovisual translation that is practically unexplored in Brazil, both in terms of practice and market and in terms of research and teaching. Feminist translation studies were the theoretical basis for this translation, in which we translate the dominant masculine in both Catalan and Portuguese, using generically neutral words in Portuguese. When this was not possible, we added the equivalent feminine noun in the text. We kept the names of broadcasters, channels, and TV programs in their original language, respecting their acronyms. Finally, as it was initially a book chapter, we adapted some structural parts, aiming to be closer to the scientific article genre.
References
ACB. Audio description guidelines and best practices, v. 3.1. 2010. Disponível em: https://adp.acb.org/docs/AD-ACB-ADP%20Guidelines%203.1.doc Acesso em: 21 set. 2023.
ADI. Guidelines for Audio Describers. 2003. Disponível em: https://adp.acb.org/guidelines.html Acesso em: 21 set. 2023.
AENOR. UNE 153020:2005. Audiodescripción para personas con discapacidad visual. Requisitos para la audiodescripción y elaboración de audioguías. 2005.
AMI & CAB. Described Video Best Practices. Artistic and Technical Guidelines. 2013.
BAI. BAI Access Rules. 2019. https://www.bai.ie/en/codes-standards/ Acesso em: 25 set. 2023.
Benecke, Bernd. “Audio description and audio subtitling in a dubbing country:case studies”. In: Perego, Elisa (ed.). Emerging topics in translation: Audio description. Trieste: EUT, 2012. p. 99-104.
Benecke, Bernd & Dosch, Elmar. Wenn aus Bildern Worte werden : durch Audio-Description zum Hörfilm. Munique: Bayerischer Rundfunk, 2004.
Braun, Sabine & Orero, Pilar. “Audio description with audio subtitling – an emergent modality of audiovisual localisation”. Perspectives. Studies in Translatology, 18(3), p. 173-188, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2010.485687
CCMA. Llibre d’estil de la CCMA. Barcelona: CCMA, 2017.
CCMA. Memòria anual d’activitats 2018. Barcelona: CCMA, 2019.
Company, Catalina & Puigròs, Maria Antònia. Llibre d’estil d’IB3. Palma de Mallorca: Conselleria d’Educació i Cultura, 2006.
CVMC. Llibre d’estil de la corporació valenciana de mitjans de comunicació. Valência: CVMC, Generalitat Valenciana, 2017.
EBU. Access services pan European survey 2016. Genebra: EBU, 2016.
Franco, Eliana Paes Cardoso & Araújo, Vera Santiago. “Questões terminológico-conceituais no campo da tradução audiovisual (TAV)”. Tradução em revista, 11(2), p. 1-23, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17771/PUCRio.TradRev.18867
Georgakopoulou, Panayota. “Audio description guidelines for Greek - A working document”. In: Rai, Sonali; Greening, Joan & Leen, Petré. A comparative study of audio description guidelines prevalent in different countries. Londres: RNIB, 2010.
Hanzlicek, Zdenek; Matousek, Jindrich & Tihelka, Daniel. “Towards automatic audio track generation for Czech TV broadcasting: initial experiments with subtitles-to-speech synthesis”. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Signal Processing (ICSP). Pequim: IEEE, 2008. p. 2721-2724.
Harrouet, Chloé. Multilingualism in audio description: Audio subtitling. Thesis (Mestrado). University of Roehampton, Londres: 2016.
Hernández, Sergio. La recepción de la audiosubtitulación por parte de usuarios videntes: comprensión, aceptación y preferencias. Thesis (Màster Universitari en Traducció Audiovisual). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 2017.
ISO/IEC TS 20071-21:2015 Information technology — User interface component accessibility — Part 21: Guidance on audio descriptions, 2015.
ISO/IEC TS 20071-25:2017 Information technology — User interface component accessibility — Part 25: Guidance on the audio presentation of text in videos, including captions, subtitles and other on-screen text, 2017.
ITC. ITC guidance on standards for audio description. Londres: ITC, 2000.
Iturregui-Gallardo. Audio subtitling: voicing strategies and their effect on emotional activation. Thesis (Doctorat en Traducció i Estudis Interculturals). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 2019.
Iturregui-Gallardo, Gonzalo. “Rendering multilingualism through audio subtitles: shaping a categorisation for aural strategies”. International Journal of Multilingualism, 17(4), p. 485-498, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2018.1523173
Ljunglöf, Peter; Derbring, Sandra & Olsson, Maria. “A free and open-source tool that reads movie subtitles aloud”. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies. Stroudsburg: ACL, p. 1-4, 2012.
Matamala, Anna & Orero, Pilar. “Text on screen”. In: Remael, Aline; Reviers, Nina & Vercauteren, Gert (eds.). Pictures painted in words. ADLAB audio description guidelines. Trieste: EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2015. p. 39-41.
Matamala, Anna. Accessibilitat i traducció audiovisual. Vic: Eumo Editorial, 2019. https://ddd.uab.cat/record/274798
Matamala, Anna; Soler-Vilageliu, Olga; Iturregui-Gallardo, Gonzalo; Jankowska, Anna; Méndez-Ulrich, Jorge-Luis & Serrano Ratera, Anna. “Electrodermal activity as a measure of emotions in media accessibility research: methodological considerations”. The Journal of Specialised Translation, 33, 2020.
Mateo, Marta. “Surtitling Nowadays: New Uses, Attitudes and Developments”, Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series – Themes in Translation Studies, 6, p. 135-154, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52034/lanstts.v6i.184
Mikul, Chris. Audio Description Background Paper. Sydney: Media Access Australia, 2010.
Morisset, Laure & Gonant, Frédéric. Charte de l’audiodescription. Paris: CSA, 2008.
Netflix. Audio Description Style Guide, v2.5, 2023.
Nielsen, Simon & Bothe, Hans-Heinrich. “Subpal: a device for reading aloud subtitles from television and cinema”. In: Hersh, Marion & Ohene-Djan, James (eds.). Proceedings of the Conference and Workshop on Assistive Technologies for people with vision and hearing impairments: assistive technology for all ages, 2007.
Ofcom. Code on television access services, 2017.
Oncins, Estel•la. “The Tyranny of the Tool: Surtitling Live Performances”. Perspectives. Studies in Translatology, 23(1), p. 42-62, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2013.793374
Orero, Pilar. “Audiosubtitling: a possible solution for opera accessibility in Catalonia”. TradTerm, 13, p. 135-149, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-9511.tradterm.2007.47470
Orero, Pilar; Climent, Mario Montagud; Mata, Jordi; Torres, Enric & Matamala, Anna. “Audio subtitles or spoken subtitles/captions: An ecological media accessibility service”. In: Dejica, Danie; Eugeni, Carlo & Dejica-Cartis, Anca (eds.), Translation Studies and Information Technology: New Pathways for researchers, teachers and professionals. Timisoara: Editura Politehnica, 2020.
Puigdomènech, Laura; Matamala, Anna & Orero, Pilar. Bases per a un futur protocol d’audiodescripció per a l’àmbit català, 2007.
Remael, Aline. “Audio description with audio subtitling for Dutch multilingual films: manipulating textual cohesion on different levels”. Meta, 57(2), p. 385- 407, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1013952ar
Remael, Aline; Reviers, Nina & Vercauteren, Gert (eds.). Pictures painted in words. ADLAB audio description guidelines. Trieste: EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2015
Reviers, Nina & Remael, Aline. “Recreating multimodal cohesion in audio description: a case study of audio subtitling in Dutch multilingual films”. New Voices in Translation Studies, 13(1), p. 50-78, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14456/nvts.2015.13
Secar?, Alina. “Surtitling and captioning for theatre and opera”. In: Pérez-González, Luis (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Audiovisual Translation. Londres & Nova York: Routledge, 2019. p. 130-144.
Silva, Manoela Cristina; Jesus, Manoela Nunes & Soares, Elaine Alves. “Práticas tradutórias em TAVA: a associação de Libras, LSE, AD e audiolegendagem no vídeo de divulgação do XIV SEPESQ”. Tradterm, 42, 163-180, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-9511.v42p163-180
Slik, Marco; Jonglebloed, Hans & Van Staalduinen, Mark. “Video based OCR: a case study of real time in-screen subtitle recognition”. EBU Technical Review, Q3, 2013.
Thrane, Lisbet. Text-to-speech on digital TV: an explanatory study of spoken subtitles on DR1Syn. Thesis (Mestrado) Universitat de Copenhaguen (Københavns Universitet), Copenhague, 2013.
Verboom, Marteen; Crombie, David; Dijk, Evelien & Theunisz, Mildred. “Spoken Subtitles: Making Subtitled TV Programmes Accessible”. In: Miesenberger, Klaus; Klaus, Joachim & Zagler, Wolfgang. (eds.). Computers Helping People with Special Needs. ICCHP 2002. Berlin: Springer, 2002. p. 295-302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45491-8_62
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Cadernos de Tradução
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright Notice
Authors hold the copyright and grant the journal the right for their articles' first publication, being their works simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), which allows the sharing of such works with its authorship acknowledged and its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are allowed to enter into separate additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or as a book chapter, with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal).
